Tan et al. [6] |
43/M |
Acute infarction |
Left paramedian and ventral pons (old infarction in the left caudate nucleus and putamen) |
Right hemidystonia, tonic contractions of the right facial muscle |
Normal pin-prick, temperature, and proprioception |
Right-sided hemiparesis, dysarthria, right facial upper motor neuron palsy |
Kim et al. [7] |
75/M |
Spontaneous hemorrhage |
Left pontine tegmentum extended rostrally to the lower midbrain; an enlarged left anterior inferior medulla with hypertrophic olivary degeneration |
Right hand chorea combined with dystonia, oral dyskinesia |
Normal sensory exam |
Right hemiparesis, dysarthria, horizontal gaze paralysis |
Loher and Krauss |
31/M |
Spontaneous hemorrhage |
Right lateral and paramedian tegmentum extending from the pontomedullary junction up to the area of the red nucleus |
Left hemidystonia with athetoid movement with rest and postural tremor, cervical dystonia with tremor, right arm bradykinesia |
Left-sided hemihypesthesia (unchecked proprioception) |
Right 6th and 7th nerve palsies, dysarthria, left-sided hemiparesis, left-sided spasticity |
42/F |
Posttraumatic hemorrhage |
Pontomedullary junction extending from the upper pontine tegmentum to the caudal midbrain (right > left) |
Left hemidystonia, cervical dystonia |
Left-sided hemihypesthesia (unchecked proprioception) |
Restricted upward and horizontal conjugate gaze, dysarthria, mild tetraplegia, limb ataxia (right > left), truncal ataxia, unstable gait |
4/M |
Diffuse axonal injury after head trauma |
Left lateral pontomesencephalic tegmentum, extended from the mid-pons to the posterior red nucleus |
Right hemidystonia with tremor, torticollis, right arm bradykinesia |
Right-sided hemihypesthesia |
Right 7th nerve palsy, right-sided spastic hemiparesis, right arm ataxia |