Journal of Movement Disorders

Case Report

New Nonsense Variant c.2983G>T; p.Glu995* in the CACNA1A Gene Causes Progressive Autosomal Dominant Ataxia: Yannic Saathoff, Saskia Biskup, Claudia Funke, Christian Roth; J Mov Disord. 2021;14(1):70-74. Published online October 31, 2020; DOI: https://doi.org/10.14802/jmd.20082

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The genetic testing of hereditary ataxias includes screening for CAG-repeat expansions as well as pathogenic variants and nontranslated oligonucleotide expansion, which can cause spinocerebellar ataxia (SCA). Genotype-phenotype correlations of several SCA subtypes are difficult to establish, and the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. Here, we report a 58-year-old male patient who presented with severe generalized ataxia, horizontal gaze-evoked nystagmus, cognitive impairment and a positive family history of gait difficulties. Genetic panel diagnostics revealed a new nonsense pathogenic variant in the CACNA1A gene (c.2983G>T; p. Glu995*) that segregated with the phenotype in three clinically affected family members. This gene is related to SCA type 6 (SCA6), episodic ataxia type 2, familial hemiplegic migraine type 1, among others. When it is supported by the clinical findings and family history, additional DNA sequencing beyond fragment length analysis should be performed.

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The genotype–phenotype correlations of the CACNA1A-related neurodevelopmental disorders: a small case series and literature reviews
Miriam Kessi, Baiyu Chen, Nan Pang, Lifen Yang, Jing Peng, Fang He, Fei Yin
Frontiers in Molecular Neuroscience.2023;[Epub] CrossRef
Next-Generation Sequencing Technologies and Neurogenetic Diseases
Hui Sun, Xiao-Rong Shen, Zi-Bing Fang, Zong-Zhi Jiang, Xiao-Jing Wei, Zi-Yi Wang, Xue-Fan Yu
Life.2021; 11(4): 361. CrossRef

Brief communication

Assessment of Bone Mineral Density of Patients with Spinocerebellar Ataxia Type 3: Aline MS Farias, Simone Appenzeller, Marcondes C França, Alberto RM Martinez, Elba E Etchebehere, Thiago F Souza, Allan O Santos; J Mov Disord. 2019;12(1):43-46. Published online January 30, 2019; DOI: https://doi.org/10.14802/jmd.18041

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Abstract PDF

Objective
Machado-Joseph disease (MJD) is a spinocerebellar ataxia, and osteoporosis is a multifactor disease that may affect patients with neurologic conditions. The frequency of osteoporosis among MJD patients, however, has not been studied. The purpose of this study is to evaluate bone mineral density (BMD) and identify correlations between clinical factors and frequency of vertebral fractures in patients with MJD.
Methods
Clinical data, lumbar X-rays and BMD data were obtained in 30 patients with MJD.
Results
Ten patients (33.3%) showed low BMD in at least one of the sites studied based on Z-scores. The Z-score correlated directly with body mass index, and the femoral neck Z-score was inversely correlated with cytosine-adenine-guanine (CAG) expansion. There was no correlation between BMD and other clinical factors. Forty-three percent of the patients reported previous pathologic fractures. Five patients (16.7%) had at least one fracture detected by lumbar X-ray.
Conclusion
Low BMD and fractures are frequent among MJD patients, and careful management of BMD may be beneficial for these patients.

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Overview of the Clinical Approach to Individuals With Cerebellar Ataxia and Neuropathy
Leslie J. Roberts, Michael McVeigh, Linda Seiderer, Ian H. Harding, Louise A. Corben, Martin Delatycki, David J. Szmulewicz
Neurology Genetics.2022;[Epub] CrossRef
Effects of Neurological Disorders on Bone Health
Ryan R. Kelly, Sara J. Sidles, Amanda C. LaRue
Frontiers in Psychology.2020;[Epub] CrossRef

Original Article

Genetic Screening for Spinocerebellar Ataxia Genes in a Japanese Single-Hospital Cohort: Ryuji Sakakibara, Fuyuki Tateno, Masahiko Kishi, Yohei Tsuyusaki, Yosuke Aiba, Hitoshi Terada, Tsutomu Inaoka, Setsu Sawai, Satoshi Kuwabara, Fumio Nomura; J Mov Disord. 2017;10(3):116-122. Published online August 8, 2017; DOI: https://doi.org/10.14802/jmd.17011

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Abstract PDF

Objective
Diagnosis of sporadic cerebellar ataxia is a challenge for neurologists. A wide range of potential causes exist, including chronic alcohol use, multiple system atrophy of cerebellar type (MSA-C), and sporadic late cortical cerebellar atrophy. Recently, an autosomal-dominant spinocerebellar ataxia (SCA) mutation was identified in a cohort of patients with non-MSA-C sporadic cerebellar ataxia. The aim of this study is to genetically screen genes involved in SCA in a Japanese single-hospital cohort.
Methods
Over an 8-year period, 140 patients with cerebellar ataxia were observed. There were 109 patients with sporadic cerebellar ataxia (no family history for at least four generations, 73 patients with MSA-C, and 36 patients with non-MSA-C sporadic cerebellar ataxia) and 31 patients with familial cerebellar ataxia. We performed gene analysis comprising SCA1, 2, 3, 6, 7, 8, 12, 17, 31, and dentatorubro-pallidoluysian atrophy (DRPLA) in 28 of 31 non-MSA-C sporadic patients who requested the test. Familial patients served as a control.
Results
Gene abnormalities were found in 57% of non-MSA-C sporadic cerebellar ataxia cases. Among patients with sporadic cerebellar ataxia, abnormalities in SCA6 were the most common (36%), followed by abnormalities in SCA1 (7.1%), SCA2 (3.6%), SCA3 (3.6%), SCA8 (3.6%), and DRPLA (3.6%). In contrast, gene abnormalities were found in 75% of familial cerebellar ataxia cases, with abnormalities in SCA6 being the most common (29%). For sporadic versus familial cases for those with SCA6 abnormalities, the age of onset was older (69 years vs. 59 years, respectively), and CAG repeat length was shorter (23 vs. 25, respectively) in the former than in the latter (not statistically significant).
Conclusion
Autosomal-dominant mutations in SCA genes, particularly in SCA6, are not rare in sporadic cerebellar ataxia. The reason for the frequency of mutations in SCA6 remains unclear; however, the reason may reflect a higher age at onset and variable penetrance of SCA6 mutations.

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Mario Mascalchi
Tomography.2022; 8(1): 423. CrossRef
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Norlinah Mohamed Ibrahim
Parkinsonism & Related Disorders.2022; 105: 157. CrossRef
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Shunsuke Koga, Shan Ali, Matthew C. Baker, Klaas J. Wierenga, Michelle Dompenciel, Dennis W. Dickson, Zbigniew K. Wszolek
Parkinsonism & Related Disorders.2022; 105: 149. CrossRef
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Jun Sawada, Takayuki Katayama, Takashi Tokashiki, Shiori Kikuchi, Kohei Kano, Kae Takahashi, Tsukasa Saito, Yoshiki Adachi, Yuji Okamoto, Akiko Yoshimura, Hiroshi Takashima, Naoyuki Hasebe
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Translational Neurodegeneration.2017;[Epub] CrossRef

Review Articles

Hereditary Cerebellar Ataxias: A Korean Perspective: Ji Sun Kim, Jin Whan Cho; J Mov Disord. 2015;8(2):67-75. Published online May 31, 2015; DOI: https://doi.org/10.14802/jmd.15006

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Abstract PDF

Hereditary ataxia is a heterogeneous disorder characterized by progressive ataxia combined with/without peripheral neuropathy, extrapyramidal symptoms, pyramidal symptoms, seizure, and multiple systematic involvements. More than 35 autosomal dominant cerebellar ataxias have been designated as spinocerebellar ataxia, and there are 55 recessive ataxias that have not been named systematically. Conducting genetic sequencing to confirm a diagnosis is difficult due to the large amount of subtypes with phenotypic overlap. The prevalence of hereditary ataxia can vary among countries, and estimations of prevalence and subtype frequencies are necessary for planning a diagnostic strategy in a specific population. This review covers the various hereditary ataxias reported in the Korean population with a focus on the prevalence and subtype frequencies as the clinical characteristics of the various subtypes.

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MRl and MRS hints for the differentiation of cerebellar multiple system atrophy from spinocerebellar ataxia type II
Hung-Chieh Chen, Li-Hua Lee, Jiing-Feng Lirng, Bing-wen Soong
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Placebo response in degenerative cerebellar ataxias: a descriptive review of randomized, placebo-controlled trials
Ji-Hyun Choi, Chaewon Shin, Han-Joon Kim, Beomseok Jeon
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Fabiola V. Borbolla-Jiménez, María Luisa Del Prado-Audelo, Bulmaro Cisneros, Isaac H. Caballero-Florán, Gerardo Leyva-Gómez, Jonathan J. Magaña
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Serum neurofilament light chain as a severity marker for spinocerebellar ataxia
Hye-Rim Shin, Jangsup Moon, Woo-Jin Lee, Han Sang Lee, Eun Young Kim, Seoyi Shin, Soon-Tae Lee, Keun-Hwa Jung, Kyung-Il Park, Ki-Young Jung, Sang Kun Lee, Kon Chu
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Association of ATXN2 intermediate-length CAG repeats with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis correlates with the distributions of normal CAG repeat alleles among individual ethnic populations
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Differential value of brain magnetic resonance imaging in multiple system atrophy cerebellar phenotype and spinocerebellar ataxias
Minkyeong Kim, Jong Hyeon Ahn, Yoonsu Cho, Ji Sun Kim, Jinyoung Youn, Jin Whan Cho
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Ji Sun Kim, Soonwook Kwon, Chang-Seok Ki, Jinyoung Youn, Jin Whan Cho
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Cross-cultural adaptation and validation of the International Cooperative Ataxia Rating Scale (ICARS) to Brazilian Portuguese
Fernanda Aparecida Maggi, Pedro Braga-Neto, Hsin Fen Chien, Maria Thereza Drumond Gama, Flávio Moura Rezende Filho, Maria Luiza Saraiva-Pereira, Laura Bannach Jardim, Mariana Callil Voos, José Luiz Pedroso, Orlando Graziani Povoas Barsottini
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Woo-Jin Lee, Jangsup Moon, Tae-Joon Kim, Jin-Sun Jun, Han Sang Lee, Young Jin Ryu, Soon-Tae Lee, Keun-Hwa Jung, Kyung-Il Park, Ki-Young Jung, Manho Kim, Sang Kun Lee, Kon Chu
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Genetic Variants Associated with Episodic Ataxia in Korea
Kwang-Dong Choi, Ji-Soo Kim, Hyo-Jung Kim, Ileok Jung, Seong-Hae Jeong, Seung-Han Lee, Dong Uk Kim, Sang-Ho Kim, Seo Young Choi, Jin-Hong Shin, Dae-Seong Kim, Kyung-Pil Park, Hyang-Sook Kim, Jae-Hwan Choi
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MicroRNAs in Experimental Models of Movement Disorders: Soon-Tae Lee, Manho Kim; J Mov Disord. 2011;4(2):55-59.; DOI: https://doi.org/10.14802/jmd.11011

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Abstract PDF

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small RNAs comprised of 20–25 nucleotides that regulates gene expression by inducing translational repression or degradation of target mRNA. The importance of miRNAs as a mediator of disease pathogenesis and therapeutic targets is rapidly emerging in neuroscience, as well as oncology, immunology, and cardiovascular diseases. In Parkinson’s disease and related disorders, multiple studies have identified the implications of specific miRNAs and the polymorphisms of miRNA target genes during the disease pathogenesis. With a focus on Parkinson’s disease, spinocerebellar ataxia, hereditary spastic paraplegia, and Huntington’s disease, this review summarizes and interprets the observations, and proposes future research topics in this field.

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Case Report

A Case of Genetically Confirmed Spinocerebellar Ataxia Type 8: Gyoungim Suh, Won Chan Kim, Myung Sik Lee; J Mov Disord. 2008;1(2):90-92.; DOI: https://doi.org/10.14802/jmd.08017

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Abstract PDF: Spinocerebellar ataxia type 8 patients typically have a slowly progressive, adult-onset ataxia. SCA8 is characterized by relatively pure cerebellar ataxia, which is caused by the expansion of combined CTA/CTG repeats on chromosome 13q21. We report a 58 years old woman with slowly progressive dysarthria, and gait ataxia. We performed genetic studies for SCA 1, 2, 3, 6, 7, 8, 17 and detected CTA/CTG repeat expansion in the SCA8 gene.

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