Journal of Movement Disorders

Brief communications

Validity and Reliability of the Korean-Translated Version of the International Cooperative Ataxia Rating Scale in Cerebellar Ataxia: Jinse Park, Jin Whan Cho, Jinyoung Youn, Engseok Oh, Wooyoung Jang, Joong-Seok Kim, Yoon-Sang Oh, Hyungyoung Hwang, Chang-Hwan Ryu, Jin-Young Ahn, Jee-Young Lee, Seong-Beom Koh, Jae H. Park, Hee-Tae Kim; J Mov Disord. 2023;16(1):86-90. Published online December 20, 2022; DOI: https://doi.org/10.14802/jmd.22137

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Abstract PDF Supplementary Material: Objective
The International Cooperative Ataxia Rating Scale (ICARS) is a semiquantitative clinical scale for ataxia that is widely used in numerous countries. The purpose of this study was to investigate the validity and reliability of the Korean-translated version of the ICARS.
Methods
Eighty-eight patients who presented with cerebellar ataxia were enrolled. We investigated the construct validity using exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA). We also investigated the internal consistency using Cronbach’s α and intrarater and interrater reliability using intraclass correlation coefficients.
Results
The Korean-translated ICARS showed satisfactory construct validity using EFA and CFA. It also revealed good interrater and intrarater reliability and showed acceptable internal consistency. However, subscale 4 for assessing oculomotor disorder showed moderate internal consistency.
Conclusion
This is the first report to investigate the validity and reliability of the Korean-translated ICARS. Our results showed excellent construct and convergent validity. The reliability is also acceptable.

Content Analysis of Korean Videos Regarding Restless Legs Syndrome on YouTube: Joohwan Kim, Ryul Kim, Jin-Sun Jun, So-Hyun Ahn, San Jung, Yang-Ki Minn, Sung Hee Hwang; J Mov Disord. 2021;14(2):144-147. Published online May 3, 2021; DOI: https://doi.org/10.14802/jmd.20137

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Objective
To evaluate the accuracy and quality of Korean videos associated with restless legs syndrome (RLS) on YouTube.
Methods
A YouTube search was performed on April 1, 2020 using the term “restless legs syndrome” in the Korean language. Two reviewers coded the source, content, and demographics of the included videos. Video quality was assessed using the modified DISCERN (mDISCERN) instrument.
Results
Among the 80 videos analyzed, 44 (55.0%) were reliable, and 36 (45.0%) were misleading. There was a trend toward a higher number of mean daily views in the misleading videos than in the reliable videos. Most of the misleading videos (72.2%) advocated complementary and alternative medicine as a primary treatment for RLS. Although the reliable videos had higher mDISCERN scores than the misleading videos, the overall quality of the reliable videos was low.
Conclusion
Many Korean videos regarding RLS on YouTube involve a risk of exposure to misinformation and are of unsatisfactory quality.

Citations

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Quality and reliability of YouTube videos as a source of information on pulmonary rehabilitation
Aytül COŞAR ERTEM, Uğur ERTEM
The European Research Journal.2023; 9(5): 992. CrossRef
The portrayal of hearing loss information in online Mandarin videos
Chandan H. Suresh, Kiara Leng, Nilesh J. Washnik, Satyabrata Parida
Journal of Otology.2023; 18(3): 152. CrossRef
YouTube as an information source for pulmonary rehabilitation in patients with COVID-19: A Cross-Sectional Study
Çağlar KARABAŞ, Yıldız Gonca DOĞRU
Genel Tıp Dergisi.2022; 32(3): 259. CrossRef

Case Report

Young-Onset Parkinson’s Disease with Impulse Control Disorder Due to Novel Variants of F-Box Only Protein 7: Dallah Yoo, Ji-Hyun Choi, Jin-Hee Im, Man Jin Kim, Han-Joon Kim, Sung Sup Park, Beomseok Jeon; J Mov Disord. 2020;13(3):225-228. Published online September 9, 2020; DOI: https://doi.org/10.14802/jmd.20026

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Abstract PDF

F-box only protein 7 (FBXO7) is a rare monogenic cause of hereditary Parkinson’s disease (PD) with an autosomal recessive mode of inheritance and a broad spectrum of clinical manifestations. Here, we report a de novo PD patient with onset at the age of 28 with novel compound heterozygous variants in the FBXO7 gene (c.1162C>T, p.Gln388X; c.80G>A, p.Arg27His). The clinical features of the patient were problematic impulse control disorder behaviors and pyromania, and pyramidal signs were negative. We describe the novel pathogenic variants of the FBXO7 gene with detailed clinical pictures to report the expanding genotypes and phenotypes of FBXO7-associated parkinsonism.

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Study of an FBXO7 patient mutation reveals Fbxo7 and PI31 co‐regulate proteasomes and mitochondria
Sara Al Rawi, Lorna Simpson, Guðrún Agnarsdóttir, Neil Q. McDonald, Veronika Chernuha, Orly Elpeleg, Massimo Zeviani, Roger A. Barker, Ronen Spiegel, Heike Laman
The FEBS Journal.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Loss of the parkinsonism‐associated protein FBXO7 in glutamatergic forebrain neurons in mice leads to abnormal motor behavior and synaptic defects
Jingbo Wang, Sabitha Joseph, Siv Vingill, Ekrem Dere, Lars Tatenhorst, Anja Ronnenberg, Paul Lingor, Christian Preisinger, Hannelore Ehrenreich, Jörg B. Schulz, Judith Stegmüller
Journal of Neurochemistry.2023; 167(2): 296. CrossRef
Nearly Abolished Dopamine Transporter Uptake in a Patient With a Novel FBXO7 Mutation
Eun Young Kim, Seon Young Kim, Youngduk Seo, Chaewon Shin
Journal of Movement Disorders.2022; 15(3): 269. CrossRef

Original Articles

Need for Registration and Reporting of Acupuncture Trials in Parkinson’s Disease in Korea: Timothy E. Lee, Aryun Kim, Mihee Jang, Beomseok Jeon; J Mov Disord. 2017;10(3):130-134. Published online September 22, 2017; DOI: https://doi.org/10.14802/jmd.17047

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Abstract PDF: Objective
Many people dealing with Parkinson’s disease (PD) turn to complementary and alternative medicine when searching for a cure or relief from symptoms. Acupuncture is widely used in the Korean PD population to alleviate symptoms and in hopes of curing the illness. However, acupuncture use for PD patients has only recently begun to be studied scientifically and is still considered an unproven treatment for PD. Therefore, there is an urgent need for acupuncture to be studied, validated and used for PD. Thus, our study’s aim is to examine how many acupuncture studies in PD are registered and reported in Korea.
Methods
The registries Clinicaltrials.gov and the Clinical Research Information Service (CRIS) and the search engine PubMed were searched to find relevant human clinical studies involving acupuncture therapy in PD patients. We examined the registration of trials, the posting and publication of results, and whether published articles were registered.
Results
In Clinicaltrials.gov, one completed trial was found with published results. In CRIS, one completed trial was found with published results. A total of 6 publications were found in our study: 2 articles were registered, but only 1 had the registered trial number listed in the article.
Conclusion
Acupuncture is popular among the PD population in Korea regardless of its unproven safety and efficacy. Despite the pressing need for clinical trials, the number of studies listed in the registries was small, and only a few publications were registered. More effort and rigor are needed to validate the efficacy and safety of acupuncture for PD.

Validation of the Korean Version of the Scale for Outcomes in Parkinson’s Disease-Autonomic: Ji-Young Kim, In-Uk Song, Seong-Beom Koh, Tae-Beom Ahn, Sang Jin Kim, Sang-Myung Cheon, Jin Whan Cho, Yun Joong Kim, Hyeo-Il Ma, Mee-Young Park, Jong Sam Baik, Phil Hyu Lee, Sun Ju Chung, Jong-Min Kim, Han-Joon Kim, Young-Hee Sung, Do Young Kwon, Jae-Hyeok Lee, Jee-Young Lee, Ji Sun Kim, Ji Young Yun, Hee Jin Kim, Jin Young Hong, Mi-Jung Kim, Jinyoung Youn, Ji Seon Kim, Eung Seok Oh, Hui-Jun Yang, Won Tae Yoon, Sooyeoun You, Kyum-Yil Kwon, Hyung-Eun Park, Su-Yun Lee, Younsoo Kim, Hee-Tae Kim, Joong-Seok Kim; J Mov Disord. 2017;10(1):29-34. Published online January 18, 2017; DOI: https://doi.org/10.14802/jmd.16057

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Abstract PDF Supplementary Material

Objective
Autonomic symptoms are commonly observed in patients with Parkinson’s disease (PD) and often limit the activities of daily living. The Scale for Outcomes in Parkinson’s disease-Autonomic (SCOPA-AUT) was developed to evaluate and quantify autonomic symptoms in PD. The goal of this study was to translate the original SCOPA-AUT, which was written in English, into Korean and to evaluate its reliability and validity for Korean PD patients.
Methods
For the translation, the following processes were performed: forward translation, backward translation, expert review, pretest of the pre-final version and development of the final Korean version of SCOPA-AUT (K-SCOPA-AUT). In total, 127 patients with PD from 31 movement disorder clinics of university-affiliated hospitals in Korea were enrolled in this study. All patients were assessed using the K-SCOPA-AUT and other motor, non-motor, and quality of life scores. Test-retest reliability for the K-SCOPA-AUT was assessed over a time interval of 10−14 days.
Results
The internal consistency and reliability of the K-SCOPA-AUT was 0.727 as measured by the mean Cronbach’s α-coefficient. The test-retest correlation reliability was 0.859 by the Guttman split-half coefficient. The total K-SCOPA-AUT score showed a positive correlation with other non-motor symptoms [the Korean version of non-motor symptom scale (K-NMSS)], activities of daily living (Unified Parkinson’s Disease Rating Scale part II) and quality of life [the Korean version of Parkinson’s Disease Quality of Life 39 (K-PDQ39)].
Conclusion
The K-SCOPA-AUT had good reliability and validity for the assessment of autonomic dysfunction in Korean PD patients. Autonomic symptom severities were associated with many other motor and non-motor impairments and influenced quality of life.

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Ning-Ning Che, Shuai Chen, Qiu-Huan Jiang, Si-Yuan Chen, Zhen-Xiang Zhao, Xue Li, Rayaz A. Malik, Jian-Jun Ma, Hong-Qi Yang
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Association of Nucleus Basalis of Meynert Functional Connectivity and Cognition in Idiopathic Rapid-Eye-Movement Sleep Behavior Disorder
Jung-Ick Byun, Kwang Su Cha, Minah Kim, Woo-Jin Lee, Han Sang Lee, Jun-Sang Sunwoo, Jung-Won Shin, Tae-Joon Kim, Jin-Sun Jun, Han-Joon Kim, Won Chul Shin, Carlos H. Schenck, Sang Kun Lee, Ki-Young Jung
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Survival of Korean Huntington’s Disease Patients: Han-Joon Kim, Chae-Won Shin, Beomseok Jeon, Hyeyoung Park; J Mov Disord. 2016;9(3):166-170. Published online September 21, 2016; DOI: https://doi.org/10.14802/jmd.16022

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Abstract PDF

Objective
The survival of Huntington’s disease (HD) patients is reported to be 15–20 years. However, most studies on the survival of HD have been conducted in patients without genetic confirmation with the possible inclusion of non-HD patients, and all studies have been conducted in Western countries. The survival of patients with HD in East Asia, where its prevalence is 10–50-fold lower compared with Western populations, has not yet been reported.
Methods
Forty-seven genetically confirmed Korean HD patients from independent families were included in this retrospective medical record review study.
Results
The mean age at onset among the 47 patients was 46.1 ± 14.0 years. At the time of data collection, 25 patients had died, and these patients had a mean age at death of 57.8 ± 13.7 years. The Kaplan-Meier estimate of the median survival from onset in the 47 patients was 14.5 years (95% confidence interval: 12.3–16.6). None of the following factors were associated with the survival time in the univariate Cox regression analysis: gender, age at onset, normal CAG repeat size, mutant CAG repeat size, and the absence or presence of non-motor symptoms at onset.
Conclusion
This is the first Asian study on survival in HD patients. Survival in Korean HD patients may be shorter than that reported for Western populations, or at least is in the lower range of expected survival. A larger longitudinal observation study is needed to confirm the results found in this study.

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Analysis of HTT CAG repeat expansion among healthy individuals and patients with chorea in Korea
Ryul Kim, Moon-Woo Seong, Bumjo Oh, Ho Seop Shin, Jee-Soo Lee, Sangmin Park, Mihee Jang, Beomseok Jeon, Han-Joon Kim, Jee-Young Lee
Parkinsonism & Related Disorders.2024; 118: 105930. CrossRef
Clinical and Genetic Characteristics Associated With Survival Outcome in Late-Onset Huntington’s Disease in South Korea
Yun Su Hwang, Sungyang Jo, Gu-Hwan Kim, Jee-Young Lee, Ho-Sung Ryu, Eungseok Oh, Seung-Hwan Lee, Young Seo Kim, Sun Ju Chung
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Increased 10-Year Prevalence of Huntington’s Disease in South Korea: An Analysis of Medical Expenditure Through the National Healthcare System
Chan Young Lee, Jun-soo Ro, Hyemin Jung, Manho Kim, Beomseok Jeon, Jee-Young Lee
Journal of Clinical Neurology.2023; 19(2): 147. CrossRef
Clustering and prediction of disease progression trajectories in Huntington's disease: An analysis of Enroll-HD data using a machine learning approach
Jinnie Ko, Hannah Furby, Xiaoye Ma, Jeffrey D. Long, Xiao-Yu Lu, Diana Slowiejko, Rita Gandhy
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Survival in Huntington’s disease and other young‐onset dementias
Samantha M. Loi, Paraskevi Tsoukra, Emily Sun, Zhibin Chen, Pierre Wibawa, Maria di Biase, Sarah Farrand, Dhamidhu Eratne, Wendy Kelso, Andrew Evans, Mark Walterfang, Dennis Velakoulis
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Review Articles

Hereditary Cerebellar Ataxias: A Korean Perspective: Ji Sun Kim, Jin Whan Cho; J Mov Disord. 2015;8(2):67-75. Published online May 31, 2015; DOI: https://doi.org/10.14802/jmd.15006

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Abstract PDF

Hereditary ataxia is a heterogeneous disorder characterized by progressive ataxia combined with/without peripheral neuropathy, extrapyramidal symptoms, pyramidal symptoms, seizure, and multiple systematic involvements. More than 35 autosomal dominant cerebellar ataxias have been designated as spinocerebellar ataxia, and there are 55 recessive ataxias that have not been named systematically. Conducting genetic sequencing to confirm a diagnosis is difficult due to the large amount of subtypes with phenotypic overlap. The prevalence of hereditary ataxia can vary among countries, and estimations of prevalence and subtype frequencies are necessary for planning a diagnostic strategy in a specific population. This review covers the various hereditary ataxias reported in the Korean population with a focus on the prevalence and subtype frequencies as the clinical characteristics of the various subtypes.

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MRl and MRS hints for the differentiation of cerebellar multiple system atrophy from spinocerebellar ataxia type II
Hung-Chieh Chen, Li-Hua Lee, Jiing-Feng Lirng, Bing-wen Soong
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Placebo response in degenerative cerebellar ataxias: a descriptive review of randomized, placebo-controlled trials
Ji-Hyun Choi, Chaewon Shin, Han-Joon Kim, Beomseok Jeon
Journal of Neurology.2022; 269(1): 62. CrossRef
New Perspectives of Gene Therapy on Polyglutamine Spinocerebellar Ataxias: From Molecular Targets to Novel Nanovectors
Fabiola V. Borbolla-Jiménez, María Luisa Del Prado-Audelo, Bulmaro Cisneros, Isaac H. Caballero-Florán, Gerardo Leyva-Gómez, Jonathan J. Magaña
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Serum neurofilament light chain as a severity marker for spinocerebellar ataxia
Hye-Rim Shin, Jangsup Moon, Woo-Jin Lee, Han Sang Lee, Eun Young Kim, Seoyi Shin, Soon-Tae Lee, Keun-Hwa Jung, Kyung-Il Park, Ki-Young Jung, Sang Kun Lee, Kon Chu
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Elan D. Louis, Phyllis L. Faust
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Identifying SYNE1 ataxia and extending the mutational spectrum in Korea
Ji Sun Kim, Ah Reum Kim, Jinyoung Youn, Chung Lee, Nam-Soon Kim, Woong-Yang Park, Jong Kyu Park, Nayoung K.D. Kim, Jin Whan Cho
Parkinsonism & Related Disorders.2019; 58: 74. CrossRef
Association of ATXN2 intermediate-length CAG repeats with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis correlates with the distributions of normal CAG repeat alleles among individual ethnic populations
Hiroya Naruse, Takashi Matsukawa, Hiroyuki Ishiura, Jun Mitsui, Yuji Takahashi, Hiroki Takano, Jun Goto, Tatsushi Toda, Shoji Tsuji
neurogenetics.2019; 20(2): 65. CrossRef
Heterogeneous nonataxic phenotypes of spinocerebellar ataxia in a Taiwanese population
Szu‐Ju Chen, Ni‐Chung Lee, Yin‐Hsiu Chien, Wuh‐Liang Hwu, Chin‐Hsien Lin
Brain and Behavior.2019;[Epub] CrossRef
Differential value of brain magnetic resonance imaging in multiple system atrophy cerebellar phenotype and spinocerebellar ataxias
Minkyeong Kim, Jong Hyeon Ahn, Yoonsu Cho, Ji Sun Kim, Jinyoung Youn, Jin Whan Cho
Scientific Reports.2019;[Epub] CrossRef
The Etiologies of Chronic Progressive Cerebellar Ataxia in a Korean Population
Ji Sun Kim, Soonwook Kwon, Chang-Seok Ki, Jinyoung Youn, Jin Whan Cho
Journal of Clinical Neurology.2018; 14(3): 374. CrossRef
Cross-cultural adaptation and validation of the International Cooperative Ataxia Rating Scale (ICARS) to Brazilian Portuguese
Fernanda Aparecida Maggi, Pedro Braga-Neto, Hsin Fen Chien, Maria Thereza Drumond Gama, Flávio Moura Rezende Filho, Maria Luiza Saraiva-Pereira, Laura Bannach Jardim, Mariana Callil Voos, José Luiz Pedroso, Orlando Graziani Povoas Barsottini
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The c-Abl inhibitor, nilotinib, as a potential therapeutic agent for chronic cerebellar ataxia
Woo-Jin Lee, Jangsup Moon, Tae-Joon Kim, Jin-Sun Jun, Han Sang Lee, Young Jin Ryu, Soon-Tae Lee, Keun-Hwa Jung, Kyung-Il Park, Ki-Young Jung, Manho Kim, Sang Kun Lee, Kon Chu
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Complementary & Alternative Management of Parkinson’s Disease: An Evidence-Based Review of Eastern Influenced Practices: Danny Bega, Cindy Zadikoff; J Mov Disord. 2014;7(2):57-66. Published online October 30, 2014; DOI: https://doi.org/10.14802/jmd.14009

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Abstract PDF

The prevalence of Parkinson’s disease (PD) appears to be lower in Asia compared to the Western world. It is unclear if this is related to the ubiquitous use of traditional medicine in Eastern healthcare, but the use of complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) modalities in countries like Korea may be as high as 76%. Among patients with PD, herbal medicines, health supplement foods, and acupuncture are interventions which are increasingly used throughout the world. Countries like Korea, China, India, and Japan have long embraced and incorporated traditional medicine into modern management of conditions such as PD, but research into various CAM modalities remains in its infancy limiting evidence-based recommendations for many treatments. We reviewed the literature on CAM treatments for PD, focusing on mind-body interventions and natural products. Based on evidence limited to randomized-controlled trials we found that mind-body interventions are generally effective forms of physical activity that are likely to foster good adherence and may reduce disability associated with PD. Based on the current data, modalities like Tai Chi and dance are safe and beneficial in PD, but better studies are needed to assess the effects of other frequently used modalities such as yoga and acupuncture. Furthermore, despite centuries of experience using medicinal herbs and plants in Eastern countries, and despite substantial preclinical data on the beneficial effects of nutritional antioxidants as neuroprotective agents in PD, there is insufficient clinical evidence that any vitamin, food additive, or supplement, can improve motor function or delay disease progression in PD.

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