KMDS
E-submission
Articles
- Page Path
- HOME > J Mov Disord > Volume 10(1); 2017 > Article
-
Original Article
Validation of the Korean Version of the Scale for Outcomes in Parkinson’s Disease-Autonomic - Ji-Young Kim1*, In-Uk Song2*, Seong-Beom Koh3, Tae-Beom Ahn4, Sang Jin Kim5, Sang-Myung Cheon6, Jin Whan Cho7, Yun Joong Kim8, Hyeo-Il Ma8, Mee-Young Park9, Jong Sam Baik10, Phil Hyu Lee11, Sun Ju Chung12, Jong-Min Kim13, Han-Joon Kim14, Young-Hee Sung15, Do Young Kwon16, Jae-Hyeok Lee17, Jee-Young Lee18, Ji Sun Kim19, Ji Young Yun20, Hee Jin Kim21, Jin Young Hong22, Mi-Jung Kim3,23, Jinyoung Youn7, Ji Seon Kim24, Eung Seok Oh25, Hui-Jun Yang26, Won Tae Yoon27, Sooyeoun You28, Kyum-Yil Kwon29, Hyung-Eun Park2, Su-Yun Lee6, Younsoo Kim7, Hee-Tae Kim30, Joong-Seok Kim2
-
Journal of Movement Disorders 2017;10(1):29-34.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.14802/jmd.16057
Published online: January 18, 2017
1Department of Neurology, Seoul Paik Hospital, Inje University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
2Department of Neurology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
3Department of Neurology, Korea University Guro Hospital, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
4Department of Neurology, Kyung Hee University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
5Department of Neurology, Busan Paik Hospital, Inje University College of Medicine, Busan, Korea
6Department of Neurology, Dong-A University College of Medicine, Busan, Korea
7Department of Neurology and Neuroscience Center, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
8Department of Neurology, Hallym University College of Medicine, Anyang, Korea
9Department of Neurology, Yeungnam University College of Medicine, Daegu, Korea
10Department of Neurology, Sanggye Paik Hospital, Inje University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
11Department of Neurology, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
12Department of Neurology, Parkinson/Alzheimer Center, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
13Department of Neurology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Korea
14Department of Neurology, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
15Department of Neurology, College of Medicine, Gachon University, Incheon, Korea
16Department of Neurology, Korea University Ansan Hospital, Korea University College of Medicine, Ansan, Korea
17Department of Neurology, Pusan National University Yangsan Hospital, Yangsan, Korea
18Department of Neurology, Seoul Metropolitan Government-Seoul National University Boramae Medical Center, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
19Department of Neurology, Chungbuk National University School of Medicine, Chungbuk National University Hospital, Cheongju, Korea
20Department of Neurology, Ewha Womans University School of Medicine, Ewha Womans University Mokdong Hospital, Seoul, Korea
21Department of Neurology, Konkuk University Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
22Department of Neurology, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju, Korea
23Department of Neurology, Bobath Memorial Hospital, Seongnam, Korea
24Department of Neurology, Soonchunhyang University Seoul Hospital, Soonchunhyang University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
25Department of Neurology, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Chungnam National University Hospital, Daejeon, Korea
26Department of Neurology, Ulsan University Hospital, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Ulsan, Korea
27Department of Neurology, Kangbuk Samsung Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
28Department of Neurology, Keimyung University School of Medicine, Daegu, Korea
29Department of Neurology, Soonchunhyang University Gumi Hospital, Soonchunhyang University School of Medicine, Gumi, Korea
30Department of Neurology, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Corresponding author: Joong-Seok Kim, MD, PhD, Department of Neurology, Seoul St. Mary’s Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, 222 Banpo-daero, Seocho-gu, Seoul 06591, Korea / Tel: +82-2-2258-6078 / Fax: +82-2-599-9686 / E-mail: neuronet@catholic.ac.kr
- *Ji-Young Kim and In-Uk Song contributed equally to this work.
• Received: November 24, 2016 • Accepted: December 7, 2016
Copyright © 2017 The Korean Movement Disorder Society
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/) which permits unrestricted noncommercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
ABSTRACT
-
Objective Autonomic symptoms are commonly observed in patients with Parkinson’s disease (PD) and often limit the activities of daily living. The Scale for Outcomes in Parkinson’s disease-Autonomic (SCOPA-AUT) was developed to evaluate and quantify autonomic symptoms in PD. The goal of this study was to translate the original SCOPA-AUT, which was written in English, into Korean and to evaluate its reliability and validity for Korean PD patients.
-
Methods
For the translation, the following processes were performed: forward translation, backward translation, expert review, pretest of the pre-final version and development of the final Korean version of SCOPA-AUT (K-SCOPA-AUT). In total, 127 patients with PD from 31 movement disorder clinics of university-affiliated hospitals in Korea were enrolled in this study. All patients were assessed using the K-SCOPA-AUT and other motor, non-motor, and quality of life scores. Test-retest reliability for the K-SCOPA-AUT was assessed over a time interval of 10−14 days.
-
Results
The internal consistency and reliability of the K-SCOPA-AUT was 0.727 as measured by the mean Cronbach’s α-coefficient. The test-retest correlation reliability was 0.859 by the Guttman split-half coefficient. The total K-SCOPA-AUT score showed a positive correlation with other non-motor symptoms [the Korean version of non-motor symptom scale (K-NMSS)], activities of daily living (Unified Parkinson’s Disease Rating Scale part II) and quality of life [the Korean version of Parkinson’s Disease Quality of Life 39 (K-PDQ39)].
-
Conclusion
The K-SCOPA-AUT had good reliability and validity for the assessment of autonomic dysfunction in Korean PD patients. Autonomic symptom severities were associated with many other motor and non-motor impairments and influenced quality of life.
Autonomic dysfunctions are commonly observed in Parkinson’s disease (PD), and some of these abnormalities are associated with debilitating complications [1-3]. Some autonomic manifestations appear before the motor symptoms [4-7] and are more prevalent as the disease progresses. They influence quality of life and treatment modality [8,9].
The Scale for Outcomes in Parkinson’s disease-Autonomic (SCOPA-AUT) [10] is a patient-reported questionnaire for the focused assessment of autonomic dysfunction in PD. It has been widely translated and validated in PD since its development in 2004 by Visser et al. [10], and is composed of 25 items including five individual aspects: gastrointestinal (GI; 7 items), urinary (6 items), cardiovascular (3 items), thermoregulatory (4 items), pupillomotor (1 item), and sexual (2 items for men and 2 items for women) functions.
There is a lack of reliable questionnaires to assess the full spectrum of autonomic dysfunction in Korean patients with PD. In the present study, we translated the SCOPA-AUT into Korean and assessed the acceptability, reliability and validity of the Korean version of SCOPA-AUT (K-SCOPA-AUT) for use in Korean patients with PD. We also investigated the association between autonomic symptom severities and other Parkinsonian motor, non-motor, and quality of life scores.
- Study participants
- Translation
- Acceptability, reliability, and validity
- Statistical analysis
MATERIALS & METHODS
The Institutional Review Board at each participating hospital approved this study, and written informed consent was obtained from each study subject. The study was conducted as one of validating processes for assessing motor and nonmotor functions (SCOPAs, sleep scales, etc.) in Korean patients with PD by researcher group of Korean Movement Disorder Society.
All subjects were enrolled from 31 movement disorder clinics of university-affiliated hospitals in Korea. The inclusion criteria included consecutive Korean PD patients who met the diagnostic criteria of the United Kingdom Parkinson Disease Society Brain Bank [11] and were on stable doses of anti-Parkinson medications for at least 4 weeks prior to the study. The exclusion criteria were as follows: PD patients who 1) had neurological abnormalities related to atypical PD, 2) had secondary causes of PD such as drugs or structural brain lesions, 3) were taking antipsychotic medications including anti-depressants or had a history of psychiatric diseases, or 4) had severe cognitive impairment [Korean version of Mini-Mental State Examination (K-MMSE) < 20] [12].
For the translation of the English version of the SCOPA-AUT [10] into Korean, the following processes were performed: forward translation and backward translation, expert committee review, pretest of the pre-final version and development of the final Korean version.
First, two independent bilingual translators translated the English version of the SCOPA-AUT into Korean, literally. A panel consisting of five authors (SB Koh, JS Kim, TB Ahn, SM Cheon, and SJ Kim) reviewed the translations to confirm a single forward translation. Another bilingual translator translated the Korean version draft of the SCOPA-AUT back into English. Second, discrepancies between the English version of the SCOPA-AUT and the Korean version of the SCOPA-AUT were evaluated by the panel. Third, interviews with four PD patients were conducted to test the interpretation of the translation. Through these processes, the final version of the K-SCOPA-AUT was obtained (Supplementary in the online-only Data Supplement).
The movement disorder specialists (all authors) conducted the following battery of standard assessment measures: a standard demographic and clinical characteristics form, levodopa equivalent dosage (LED) [13], modified Hoehn and Yahr (H&Y) score, Unified Parkinson’s Disease Rating Scales (UPDRS) parts I, II, and III, K-MMSE, the Korean version of the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA-K) [14], the Korean version of the Montgomery-Asberg Depression Rating Scale (K-MADRS) [15], the Korean version of the Parkinson’s Disease Quality of Life 39 (K-PDQ39) [16] and the Korean version of the Non-Motor Symptoms Scale (K-NMSS) [17]. For the test-retest reliability, scales and/or questionnaires were completed twice, in separate situations, with a sufficient time interval of 10−14 days to minimize memory or practice effects.
Reliability was tested for both the internal consistency and stability of measures. Internal consistency was analyzed by Cronbach’s α-coefficient [18]. The criterion value for Cronbach’s α-coefficient was ≥ 0.70. Test-retest reliability was assessed by the Guttman split-half coefficient. Spearman’s rank correlation coefficients were used to identify associations of the K-SCOPA-AUT score with other variables. SPSS 19.0 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA) was used for statistical analysis.
RESULTS
A total of 127 patients (males 64, females 63) were enrolled in this study. The demographic data are summarized in Table 1. The mean age was 66.6 ± 8.9 years, and the mean disease duration was 46.2 ± 46.5 months. Based on the modified H&Y score, there were 17 (13.4%) patients at stage 1, 58 (45.6%) at stage 2, 50 (39.3%) at stage 3, and 2 (1.6%) at stage 4 and 5, respectively. The LED was 384.3 ± 401.1 mg, and 41 (32.3%) patients were drug-naïve.
Table 2 shows the score in each domain and the total score from the K-SCOPA-AUT. The mean total sum of the K-SCOPA-AUT was 12.5 ± 8.2 (mean±SD) and ranged from 0 to 40. Four patients received a score of 0.
Cronbach’s α-coefficient for the K-SCOPA-AUT was 0.727. All of the K-SCOPA-AUT items showed Cronbach’s α coefficients of ≥ 0.70 except item 8 (Cronbach‘s α-coefficient = 0.695). The correlations between four of the five domains, except the sex-women domain, and the total K-SCOPA-AUT score were statistically significant [Spearman’s rank correlation coefficient, (rS) = 0.298−0.641, all were p < 0.05] (Table 3). The test-retest reliability (The Guttman split half-coefficient) of the total K-SCOPA-AUT was 0.859, and each domain was between 0.666 and 0.906 (Table 3).
The total K-SCOPA-AUT score was 12.5 ± 8.2 (range, 0−40) out of a possible maximum of 69. The total K-SCOPA-AUT score was not related to increasing age and LED; however, it was weakly to moderately associated with motor severity scales (H&Y score, UPDRS part I, II, and III) and moderately to strongly associated with other non-motor symptoms (K-NMSS, K-MADRS) (Table 4). The total K-SCOPA-AUT score was negatively correlated with both the K-MMSE and MoCA-K scores (Table 4). The total K-SCOPA-AUT score was significantly and positively correlated with the PDQ-39 score.
In sub-domain analysis, the GI domain score was especially positively correlated with a wide range of motor and non-motor severity scores (H&Y score, UPDRS, K-NMSS, K-MADRS, and K-PDQ39) (Table 4). The urinary domain and cardiovascular domain scores were also positively related to H&Y score, UPDRS part II, K-NMSS, K-MADRS, and K-PDQ39 (Table 4). The thermoregulatory and pupillomotor domain scores were associated with increasing depression score (K-MADRS). The sex-women domain was not correlated with any of the demographic or disease characteristics data.
DISCUSSION
Several researchers have suggested that the most common non-motor symptoms of PD are autonomic and that autonomic dysfunction is correlated with poor health-related quality of life [1-7]. A scale to evaluate and qualify the severity of autonomic symptoms is very important for the management of PD patients. This specialized scale assessing the full spectrum of autonomic symptoms has been translated and validated in many languages; however, this questionnaire has not yet been validated in Korean. Therefore, we translated the English version of the SCOPA-AUT [10] into Korean and evaluated its reliability and validity for use in Korean patients with PD.
The internal consistency and reliability of the K-SCOPA-AUT was 0.727 by Cronbach’s α-coefficient, and the test-retest correlation reliability of the total K-SCOPA-AUT was 0.859 measured by the Guttman Split Half-coefficient, which are both considered to indicate acceptable reliability. However, in the sub-analysis of each item and the domain scores, Cronbach’s α-coefficient of item 8 (0.695) and the Guttman split half-coefficient of the thermoregulatory domain (0.666) lacked an acceptable range.
Previous studies have suggested the existence of correlations between the total SCOPA-AUT score and increasing age [19,20], disease severity [19], disease duration [20], and dopaminergic medication dosage [10,19]; however, the correlations were not consistent among the studies. In this study, the total SCOPA-AUT score was not significantly associated with increasing age and levodopa dosage, but it was significantly associated with motor severity scales (H&Y, UPDRS part I, II, and III). The mean total SCOPA-AUT score measured in this study population (12.5 ± 8.2) was lower than the reported scores (> 20) of previous reports [10,20]. A possible explanation is that our PD patients had milder disease severity, shorter disease duration and were taking lower doses of levodopa compared with the other studies. Furthermore, a considerable number (32.3%) of drug-naïve PD patients were enrolled in this study. Therefore, the SCOPA-AUT results in this study may represent autonomic features of PD patients with mild to moderate severity. As expected, the total SCOPA-AUT score was related to non-motor scales (K-NMSS and K-MADRS) and the quality of life scale (K-PDQ-39).
In the sub-score analysis, the GI domain score was positively correlated with disease duration, LED, and a wide range of motor and non-motor severity scores (H&Y, UPDRS part I, II, III, K-NMSS, and K-MADRS), as well as the quality of life score (K-PDQ39). The urinary domain and cardiovascular domain scores were also positively correlated with H&Y, UPDRS part II, K-NMSS, K-MADRS, and K-PDQ39. The thermoregulatory and pupillomotor domain scores were positively correlated with the depression score (K-MADRS). Sexual items in women were not correlated with any of the demographic, disease severity, other autonomic domain scores or total K-SCOPA-AUT score. A total of 61.9% female patients left the sexual items blank or scored ‘not applicable’ on the sexual items (question 24 and 25), but they all answered properly in the other K-SCOPA-AUT items. This is consistent with other preceding studies [10,19,20]. The discrepancy may be associated with a reluctant attitude about sexual dysfunctions due to ethical and cultural backgrounds, leading patients to withhold this information from a physician. A high rate (29.7%) of missing values or scores of ‘not applicable’ were also found in men for sexual items, which was again consistent with previous studies. The total K-SCOPA-AUT score, the GI domain sub-score, and the urinary domain sub-score were moderately to strongly correlated with the K-NMSS score, which indicated that these scores could be used with the K-NMSS to detect autonomic symptoms in PD patients as well.
In conclusion, the K-SCOPA-AUT is a reliable and valid assessment tool for evaluating the autonomic features of Korean PD patients. Autonomic symptom severities measured by the K-SCOPA-AUT were associated with many other motor and non-motor impairments and influenced quality of life.
Supplementary Materials
The online-only Data Supplement is available with this article at https://doi.org/10.14802/jmd.16057.
Acknowledgments
We thank Prof. Dr. J. J. van Hilten for his permission to translate and use the K-SCOPA-AUT in this research. This work was supported by a grant from Samil Pharm. Co., LTD.
Table 1.
Demographic data of study subjects
Data are shown as the mean ± standard deviation (range) or number (%). LED: levodopa equivalent dosage, H&Y: Hoehn and Yahr, UPDRS: Unified Parkinson’s Disease Rating Scale, K-MMSE: Korean version of Mini-Mental State Examination, MoCA-K: Korean version of Montreal Cognitive Assessment, K-NMSS: Korean version of Non-Motor Symptoms Scale, K-MADRS: Korean version of Montgomery-Asberg Depression Rating Scale, KPDQ39: Korean version of Parkinson’s Disease Quality of Life 39.
Table 2.
Total and each domain scores of the Korean version of the Scale for Outcomes in Parkinson’s disease-Autonomic (K-SCOPA-AUT)
Table 3.
Test-retest reliability (Gutmann Split Half-coefficient) of the Korean version of the Scale for Outcomes in Parkinson’s disease-Autonomic (K-SCOPA-AUT) domains and correlations between each domain score and the total K-SCOPA-AUT score.
Table 4.
Correlation between the Korean version of the Scale for Outcomes in Parkinson’s disease-Autonomic (SCOPA-AUT) scores and clinical features
| SCOPA-AUT domains | Age | Disease duration | LED | H&Y | UPDRS part I | UPDRS part II | UPDRS part III | K-MMSE | K-NMSS | K-MADRS | K-PDQ39 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Gastrointestinal | 0.133 | 0.225* | 0.233† | 0.339† | 0.357† | 0.310† | 0.153 | -0.126 | 0.414† | 0.250† | 0.393† |
| Urinary | 0.112 | 0.156 | 0.069 | 0.220* | 0.301† | 0.375† | 0.143 | -0.156 | 0.621† | 0.358† | 0.483† |
| Cardiovascular | -0.072 | -0.055 | 0.026 | 0.192* | 0.161 | 0.213* | 0.141 | -0.102 | 0.234† | 0.302† | 0.324† |
| Thermoregulatory | -0.091 | 0.148 | 0.049 | 0.044 | 0.091 | 0.138 | 0.116 | 0.003 | 0.153 | 0.214* | 0.226* |
| Pupillomotor | -0.144 | 0.029 | -0.049 | -0.002 | 0.212* | 0.133 | 0.058 | 0.032 | 0.154 | 0.228† | 0.154 |
| Sex-men | -0.285† | 0.011 | 0.206* | 0.068 | 0.015 | 0.185 | 0.108 | 0.064 | 0.096 | -0.036 | 0.007 |
| Sex-women | -0.117 | 0.107 | 0.020 | -0.141 | 0.052 | 0.031 | -0.121 | -0.122 | -0.091 | -0.011 | -0.106 |
| Total | 0.037 | 0.215* | 0.171 | 0.312† | 0.324† | 0.446† | 0.193* | -0.178* | 0.640† | 0.387† | 0.527† |
* Spearman’s rank correlation test, p<0.05,
† Spearman’s rank correlation test, p<0.001.
H&Y: Hoehn and Yahr stage score, K-MADRS: Korean version of Montgomery-Asberg Depression Rating Scale, K-MMSE: Korean version of Mini-Mental Status Examination, K-NMSS: Korean version of Non-Motor Symptoms Scales, LED: levodopa equivalent dosage, K-PDQ39: Korean version of Parkinson’s Disease Quality of Life 39, UPDRS: Unified Parkinson’s Disease Rating Scale.
- 1. Kwon DY, Koh SB, Lee JH, Park HK, Kim HJ, Shin HW, et al. The KMDS-NATION Study: Korean movement disorders society multicenter assessment of non-motor symptoms and quality of life in Parkinson’s disease NATION study group. J Clin Neurol 2016;12:393–402.ArticlePubMedPMC
- 2. Kim JS, Lee SH, Oh YS, Park JW, An JY, Park SK, et al. Cardiovascular autonomic dysfunction in mild and advanced Parkinson’s disease. J Mov Disord 2016;9:97–103.ArticlePubMedPMCPDF
- 3. Sung HY, Park JW, Kim JS. The frequency and severity of gastrointestinal symptoms in patients with early Parkinson’s disease. J Mov Disord 2014;7:7–12.ArticlePubMedPMCPDF
- 4. Kim JS, Sung HY. Gastrointestinal autonomic dysfunction in patients with Parkinson’s disease. J Mov Disord 2015;8:76–82.ArticlePubMedPMC
- 5. Lee HM, Koh SB. Many faces of Parkinson’s disease: nonmotor symptoms of Parkinson’s disease. J Mov Disord 2015;8:92–97.ArticlePubMedPMC
- 6. Chaudhuri KR, Healy DG, Schapira AH; National Institute for Clinical Excellence. Non-motor symptoms of Parkinson’s disease: diagnosis and management. Lancet Neurol 2006;5:235–245.ArticlePubMed
- 7. Chaudhuri KR, Naidu Y. Early Parkinson’s disease and nonmotor issues. J Neurol 2008;255 Suppl 5:33–38.ArticlePubMed
- 8. Schrag A, Jahanshahi M, Quinn N. What contributes to quality of life in patients with Parkinson’s disease? J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2000;69:308–312.ArticlePubMedPMC
- 9. Hely MA, Morris JG, Reid WG, Trafficante R. Sydney Multicenter Study of Parkinson’s disease: non-L-dopa-responsive problems dominate at 15 years. Mov Disord 2005;20:190–199.ArticlePubMed
- 10. Visser M, Marinus J, Stiggelbout AM, Van Hilten JJ. Assessment of autonomic dysfunction in Parkinson’s disease: the SCOPA-AUT. Mov Disord 2004;19:1306–1312.ArticlePubMed
- 11. Gibb WR, Lees AJ. The relevance of the Lewy body to the pathogenesis of idiopathic Parkinson’s disease. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1988;51:745–752.ArticlePubMedPMC
- 12. Kang Y, Na DL, Hahn S. A validity study on the Korean Mini-Mental State Examination (K-MMSE) in dementia patients. J Korean Neurol Assoc 1997;15:300–308.
- 13. Tomlinson CL, Stowe R, Patel S, Rick C, Gray R, Clarke CE. Systematic review of levodopa dose equivalency reporting in Parkinson’s disease. Mov Disord 2010;25:2649–2653.ArticlePubMed
- 14. Kim JI, Sunwoo MK, Sohn YH, Lee PH, Hong JY. The MMSE and MoCA for screening cognitive impairment in less educated patients with Parkinson’s disease. J Mov Disord 2016;9:152–159.ArticlePubMedPMCPDF
- 15. Ahn YM, Lee KY, Yi JS, Kang MH, Kim DH, Kim JL, et al. A validation study of the Korean-version of the montgomery-asberg depression rating scale. J Korean Neuropsychiatr Assoc 2005;44:466–476.
- 16. Kwon DY, Kim JW, Ma HI, Ahn TB, Cho J, Lee PH, et al. Translation and validation of the Korean version of the 39-item Parkinson’s disease questionnaire. J Clin Neurol 2013;9:26–31.ArticlePubMedPMC
- 17. Koh SB, Kim JW, Ma HI, Ahn TB, Cho JW, Lee PH, et al. Validation of the Korean-version of the nonmotor symptoms scale for Parkinson’s disease. J Clin Neurol 2012;8:276–283.ArticlePubMedPMC
- 18. Santos JR. Cronbach’s alpha: a tool for assessing the reliability of scales. J Ext 1999;37:1–5.
- 19. Verbaan D, Marinus J, Visser M, van Rooden SM, Stiggelbout AM, van Hilten JJ. Patient-reported autonomic symptoms in Parkinson disease. Neurology 2007;69:333–341.ArticlePubMed
- 20. Rodriguez-Blazquez C, Forjaz MJ, Frades-Payo B, de Pedro-Cuesta J, Martinez-Martin P; Longitudinal Parkinson’s Disease Patient Study, Estudio Longitudinal de Pacients con Enfermedad da Parkinson Group. Independent validation of the scales for outcomes in Parkinson’s disease-autonomic (SCOPA-AUT). Eur J Neurol 2010;17:194–201.ArticlePubMed
REFERENCES
Figure & Data
References
Citations
Citations to this article as recorded by 
- Baseline prevalence and longitudinal assessment of autonomic dysfunction in early Parkinson’s disease
Lanqing Yang, Huan Gao, Min Ye
Journal of Neural Transmission.2024; 131(2): 127. CrossRef - Association Between Gait and Dysautonomia in Patients With De Novo Parkinson’s Disease: Forward Gait Versus Backward Gait
Seon-Min Lee, Mina Lee, Eun Ji Lee, Rae On Kim, Yongduk Kim, Kyum-Yil Kwon
Journal of Movement Disorders.2023; 16(1): 59. CrossRef - Beyond shallow feelings of complex affect: Non-motor correlates of subjective emotional experience in Parkinson’s disease
Claudia Carricarte Naranjo, Claudia Sánchez Luaces, Ivonne Pedroso Ibáñez, Andrés Machado, Hichem Sahli, María Antonieta Bobes, Vincenzo De Luca
PLOS ONE.2023; 18(2): e0281959. CrossRef - Autonomic function and motor subtypes in Parkinson’s disease: a multicentre cross-sectional study
Si-Chun Gu, Rong Shi, Chen Gao, Xiao-Lei Yuan, You Wu, Zhen-Guo Liu, Chang-De Wang, Shao-Rong Zhao, Xiqun Chen, Can-Xing Yuan, Qing Ye
Scientific Reports.2023;[Epub] CrossRef - Clinical manifestation of patients with isolated rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder after modest-to-long disease duration
Jung Kyung Hong, Jong-Min Kim, Ki-woong Kim, Ji Won Han, Soyeon Ahn, In-Young Yoon
Sleep.2022;[Epub] CrossRef - Associations of cognitive dysfunction with motor and non-motor symptoms in patients with de novo Parkinson’s disease
Kyum-Yil Kwon, Suyeon Park, Rae On Kim, Eun Ji Lee, Mina Lee
Scientific Reports.2022;[Epub] CrossRef - Autonomic dysfunction in Parkinson's disease: Results from the Faroese Parkinson's disease cohort
Aksel Berg, Sára Bech, Jan Aasly, Matthew J. Farrer, Maria Skaalum Petersen
Neuroscience Letters.2022; 785: 136789. CrossRef - Prevalence of lower urinary tract symptoms, urinary incontinence and retention in Parkinson's disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis
Fang-Fei Li, Yu-Sha Cui, Rui Yan, Shuang-Shuang Cao, Tao Feng
Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience.2022;[Epub] CrossRef - White matter tract-specific microstructural disruption is associated with depressive symptoms in isolated RBD
Jung-Ick Byun, Seunghwan Oh, Jun-Sang Sunwoo, Jung-Won Shin, Tae-Joon Kim, Jin-Sun Jun, Han-Joon Kim, Won Chul Shin, Joon-Kyung Seong, Ki-Young Jung
NeuroImage: Clinical.2022; 36: 103186. CrossRef - Comparison of disease progression between brain-predominant Parkinson's disease versus Parkinson's disease with body-involvement phenotypes
Dong-Woo Ryu, Sang-Won Yoo, Yoon-Sang Oh, Kwang-Soo Lee, Seunggyun Ha, Joong-Seok Kim
Neurobiology of Disease.2022; 174: 105883. CrossRef - Corneal confocal microscopy differentiates patients with Parkinson’s disease with and without autonomic involvement
Ning-Ning Che, Shuai Chen, Qiu-Huan Jiang, Si-Yuan Chen, Zhen-Xiang Zhao, Xue Li, Rayaz A. Malik, Jian-Jun Ma, Hong-Qi Yang
npj Parkinson's Disease.2022;[Epub] CrossRef - Association of Nucleus Basalis of Meynert Functional Connectivity and Cognition in Idiopathic Rapid-Eye-Movement Sleep Behavior Disorder
Jung-Ick Byun, Kwang Su Cha, Minah Kim, Woo-Jin Lee, Han Sang Lee, Jun-Sang Sunwoo, Jung-Won Shin, Tae-Joon Kim, Jin-Sun Jun, Han-Joon Kim, Won Chul Shin, Carlos H. Schenck, Sang Kun Lee, Ki-Young Jung
Journal of Clinical Neurology.2022; 18(5): 562. CrossRef - White Matter Tract-Specific Microstructural Disruption is Associated with Depressive Symptoms in Isolated Rbd
Jung-Ick Byun, Seunghwan Oh, Jun-Sang Sunwoo, Jung-Won Shin, Tae-Joon Kim, Jin-Sun Jun, Han-Joon Kim, Won Chul Shin, Joon-Kyung Seong, Ki-Young Jung
SSRN Electronic Journal .2022;[Epub] CrossRef - Altered insular functional connectivity in isolated REM sleep behavior disorder: a data-driven functional MRI study
Jung-Ick Byun, Kwang Su Cha, Minah Kim, Woo-Jin Lee, Han Sang Lee, Jun-Sang Sunwoo, Jung-Won Shin, Tae-Joon Kim, Jangsup Moon, Soon-Tae Lee, Keun-Hwa Jung, Kon Chu, Man-Ho Kim, Han-Joon Kim, Won Chul Shin, Sang Kun Lee, Ki-Young Jung
Sleep Medicine.2021; 79: 88. CrossRef - Association of fall risk factors and non-motor symptoms in patients with early Parkinson’s disease
Kyum-Yil Kwon, Suyeon Park, Eun Ji Lee, Mina Lee, Hyunjin Ju
Scientific Reports.2021;[Epub] CrossRef - Impact of motor subtype on non‐motor symptoms and fall‐related features in patients with early Parkinson's disease
Kyum‐Yil Kwon, Eun Ji Lee, Mina Lee, Hyunjin Ju, Kayeong Im
Geriatrics & Gerontology International.2021; 21(5): 416. CrossRef - Extra-basal ganglia iron content and non-motor symptoms in drug-naïve, early Parkinson’s disease
Minkyeong Kim, Seulki Yoo, Doyeon Kim, Jin Whan Cho, Ji Sun Kim, Jong Hyun Ahn, Jun Kyu Mun, Inyoung Choi, Seung-Kyun Lee, Jinyoung Youn
Neurological Sciences.2021; 42(12): 5297. CrossRef - Clinical Assessment Scales in Autonomic Nervous System Disorders
Eun Bin Cho, Ki-Jong Park
Journal of the Korean Neurological Association.2021; 39(2 Suppl): 60. CrossRef - Cardiac sympathetic burden reflects Parkinson disease burden, regardless of high or low orthostatic blood pressure changes
Sang-Won Yoo, Joong-Seok Kim, Yoon-Sang Oh, Dong-Woo Ryu, Seunggyun Ha, Ji-Yeon Yoo, Kwang-Soo Lee
npj Parkinson's Disease.2021;[Epub] CrossRef - Understanding fatigue in progressive supranuclear palsy
Jong Hyeon Ahn, Joomee Song, Dong Yeong Lee, Jinyoung Youn, Jin Whan Cho
Scientific Reports.2021;[Epub] CrossRef - Validation of the Korean version of the composite autonomic symptom scale 31 in patients with Parkinson’s disease
Jong Hyeon Ahn, Jin Myoung Seok, Jongkyu Park, Heejeong Jeong, Younsoo Kim, Joomee Song, Inyoung Choi, Jin Whan Cho, Ju-Hong Min, Byoung Joon Kim, Jinyoung Youn, Antonina Luca
PLOS ONE.2021; 16(10): e0258897. CrossRef - Cardiac Autonomic Dysfunction Is Associated with Severity of REM Sleep without Atonia in Isolated REM Sleep Behavior Disorder
Sooyeoun You, Kyoung Sook Won, Keun Tae Kim, Hyang Woon Lee, Yong Won Cho
Journal of Clinical Medicine.2021; 10(22): 5414. CrossRef - Characteristics of Autonomic Dysfunction in Parkinson’s Disease: A Large Chinese Multicenter Cohort Study
Zhou Zhou, Xiaoting Zhou, Xiaoxia Zhou, Yaqin Xiang, Liping Zhu, Lixia Qin, Yige Wang, Hongxu Pan, Yuwen Zhao, Qiying Sun, Qian Xu, Xinyin Wu, Xinxiang Yan, Jifeng Guo, Beisha Tang, Zhenhua Liu
Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience.2021;[Epub] CrossRef - Autonomic Dysfunction in Parkinson's Disease: Results from the Faroese Parkinson's Disease Cohort
Aksel Kambsskarð Berg, Sára Bech, Jan O. Aasly, Matthew J. Farrer, Maria Skaalum Petersen
SSRN Electronic Journal .2021;[Epub] CrossRef - Subtypes of Sleep Disturbance in Parkinson's Disease Based on the Cross-Culturally Validated Korean Version of Parkinson's Disease Sleep Scale-2
Hui-Jun Yang, Han-Joon Kim, Seong-Beom Koh, Joong-Seok Kim, Tae-Beom Ahn, Sang-Myung Cheon, Jin Whan Cho, Yoon-Joong Kim, Hyeo-Il Ma, Mee Young Park, Jong Sam Baik, Phil Hyu Lee, Sun Ju Chung, Jong-Min Kim, In-Uk Song, Ji-Young Kim, Young-Hee Sung, Do You
Journal of Clinical Neurology.2020; 16(1): 66. CrossRef - Risk Factors for Falls in Patients with de novo Parkinson’s Disease: A Focus on Motor and Non-Motor Symptoms
Kyum-Yil Kwon, Mina Lee, Hyunjin Ju, Kayeong Im
Journal of Movement Disorders.2020; 13(2): 142. CrossRef - Peripheral Blood Inflammatory Cytokines in Idiopathic REM Sleep Behavior Disorder
Ryul Kim, Jin‐Sun Jun, Han‐Joon Kim, Ki‐Young Jung, Yong‐Won Shin, Tae‐Won Yang, Keun Tae Kim, Tae‐Joon Kim, Jung‐Ick Byun, Jun‐Sang Sunwoo, Beomseok Jeon
Movement Disorders.2019; 34(11): 1739. CrossRef - Urinary Dysfunctions and Post-Void Residual Urine in Typical and Atypical Parkinson Diseases
Yang-Hyun Lee, Jee-Eun Lee, Dong-Woo Ryu, Yoon-Sang Oh, Kwang-Soo Lee, Sung-Hoo Hong, Joong-Seok Kim
Journal of Parkinson's Disease.2018; 8(1): 145. CrossRef - Rasch Analysis of the Clinimetric Properties of the Korean Dizziness Handicap Inventory in Patients with Parkinson Disease
Da-Young Lee, Hui-Jun Yang, Dong-Seok Yang, Jin-Hyuk Choi, Byoung-Soo Park, Ji-Yun Park
Research in Vestibular Science.2018; 17(4): 152. CrossRef - Clinical Characteristics of Parkinson’s Disease Developed from Essential Tremor
Dong-Woo Ryu, Si-Hoon Lee, Yoon-Sang Oh, Jae-Young An, Jeong-Wook Park, In-Uk Song, Kwang-Soo Lee, Joong-Seok Kim
Journal of Parkinson's Disease.2017; 7(2): 369. CrossRef
Comments on this article
PubReader
ePub Link
Cite
XML Download- Related articles
-
- Evaluating the Validity and Reliability of the Korean Version of the Scales for Outcomes in Parkinson’s Disease–Cognition
- Impact of Deep Brain Stimulation on Non-Motor Symptoms in Parkinson’s Disease
- Extraction of the pull force from inertial sensors during the pull test for Parkinson’s disease: A reliability study
- A Survey of Perspectives on Telemedicine for Patients With Parkinson’s Disease
- Investigation of the Long-Term Effects of Amantadine Use in Parkinson’s Disease
Validation of the Korean Version of the Scale for Outcomes in Parkinson’s Disease-Autonomic
Validation of the Korean Version of the Scale for Outcomes in Parkinson’s Disease-Autonomic
| Variables | |
|---|---|
| Age (years) | 66.6 ± 8.9 (40‒85) |
| No. of men (%) | 64 (50.4) |
| Disease duration (months) | 46.2 ± 46.5 (1‒252) |
| LED (mg) | 384.3 ± 401.1 (0‒1,895) |
| H&Y | 2.2 ± 0.7 |
| UPDRS | |
| Part I | 1.9 ± 1.9 |
| Part II | 7.5 ± 5.7 |
| Part III | 19.8 ± 10.9 |
| K-MMSE | 27.7 ± 2.2 (20‒30) |
| MoCA-K | 23.1 ± 4.2 (11‒30) |
| K-NMSS | 34.5 ± 26.0 (0‒122) |
| K-MADRS | 9.8 ± 8.8 (0‒40) |
| K-PDQ39 | 31.7 ± 27.0 (0‒122) |
| K-SCOPA-AUT domains | Mean ± SD | Median (range) |
|---|---|---|
| Gastrointestinal | 2.9 ± 3.0 | 2 (0‒13) |
| Urinary | 6.3 ± 4.6 | 5 (0‒18) |
| Cardiovascular | 1.0 ± 1.4 | 0 (0‒7) |
| Thermoregulatory | 0.9 ±1.4 | 0 (0‒6) |
| Pupillomotor | 0.4 ± 0.8 | 0 (0‒3) |
| Sex (men) | 0.9 ± 1.7 | 0 (0‒6) |
| Sex (women) | 0.4 ± 1.3 | 0 (0‒6) |
| Total score | 12.5 ± 8.2 | 11 (0‒40) |
| K-SCOPA-AUT domains | Guttman Split Half-coefficient | Spearman’s rank correlation |
|
|---|---|---|---|
| rS | p value | ||
| Gastrointestinal | 0.883 | 0.641 | < 0.001 |
| Urinary | 0.797 | 0.861 | < 0.001 |
| Cardiovascular | 0.822 | 0.380 | < 0.001 |
| Thermoregulatory | 0.666 | 0.325 | < 0.001 |
| Pupillomotor | 0.720 | 0.324 | < 0.001 |
| Sex-men | 0.906 | 0.298 | 0.001 |
| Sex-women | 0.884 | 0.127 | 0.243 |
| Total K-SCOPA-AUT scores | 0.859 | - | - |
| SCOPA-AUT domains | Age | Disease duration | LED | H&Y | UPDRS part I | UPDRS part II | UPDRS part III | K-MMSE | K-NMSS | K-MADRS | K-PDQ39 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Gastrointestinal | 0.133 | 0.225 |
0.233 |
0.339 |
0.357 |
0.310 |
0.153 | -0.126 | 0.414 |
0.250 |
0.393 |
| Urinary | 0.112 | 0.156 | 0.069 | 0.220 |
0.301 |
0.375 |
0.143 | -0.156 | 0.621 |
0.358 |
0.483 |
| Cardiovascular | -0.072 | -0.055 | 0.026 | 0.192 |
0.161 | 0.213 |
0.141 | -0.102 | 0.234 |
0.302 |
0.324 |
| Thermoregulatory | -0.091 | 0.148 | 0.049 | 0.044 | 0.091 | 0.138 | 0.116 | 0.003 | 0.153 | 0.214 |
0.226 |
| Pupillomotor | -0.144 | 0.029 | -0.049 | -0.002 | 0.212 |
0.133 | 0.058 | 0.032 | 0.154 | 0.228 |
0.154 |
| Sex-men | -0.285 |
0.011 | 0.206 |
0.068 | 0.015 | 0.185 | 0.108 | 0.064 | 0.096 | -0.036 | 0.007 |
| Sex-women | -0.117 | 0.107 | 0.020 | -0.141 | 0.052 | 0.031 | -0.121 | -0.122 | -0.091 | -0.011 | -0.106 |
| Total | 0.037 | 0.215 |
0.171 | 0.312 |
0.324 |
0.446 |
0.193 |
-0.178 |
0.640 |
0.387 |
0.527 |
Table 1. Demographic data of study subjects
Data are shown as the mean ± standard deviation (range) or number (%). LED: levodopa equivalent dosage, H&Y: Hoehn and Yahr, UPDRS: Unified Parkinson’s Disease Rating Scale, K-MMSE: Korean version of Mini-Mental State Examination, MoCA-K: Korean version of Montreal Cognitive Assessment, K-NMSS: Korean version of Non-Motor Symptoms Scale, K-MADRS: Korean version of Montgomery-Asberg Depression Rating Scale, KPDQ39: Korean version of Parkinson’s Disease Quality of Life 39.
Table 2. Total and each domain scores of the Korean version of the Scale for Outcomes in Parkinson’s disease-Autonomic (K-SCOPA-AUT)
Table 3. Test-retest reliability (Gutmann Split Half-coefficient) of the Korean version of the Scale for Outcomes in Parkinson’s disease-Autonomic (K-SCOPA-AUT) domains and correlations between each domain score and the total K-SCOPA-AUT score.
Table 4. Correlation between the Korean version of the Scale for Outcomes in Parkinson’s disease-Autonomic (SCOPA-AUT) scores and clinical features
Spearman’s rank correlation test, Spearman’s rank correlation test, H&Y: Hoehn and Yahr stage score, K-MADRS: Korean version of Montgomery-Asberg Depression Rating Scale, K-MMSE: Korean version of Mini-Mental Status Examination, K-NMSS: Korean version of Non-Motor Symptoms Scales, LED: levodopa equivalent dosage, K-PDQ39: Korean version of Parkinson’s Disease Quality of Life 39, UPDRS: Unified Parkinson’s Disease Rating Scale.
