Journal of Movement Disorders

Deep Brain Stimulation in Advanced Parkinson’s Disease: An Uncommon Case of Allergic Encephalitis: Jyun-Yi Chen, Yen-Chung Chen, Shey-Lin Wu; Received November 16, 2023 Accepted April 12, 2024 Published online April 15, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.14802/jmd.23237 [Accepted]

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Diagnosis and Clinical Features in Autoimmune-Mediated Movement Disorders: Pei-Chen Hsieh, Yih-Ru Wu; J Mov Disord. 2022;15(2):95-105. Published online May 26, 2022; DOI: https://doi.org/10.14802/jmd.21077

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Abstract PDF Supplementary Material: Movement disorders are common manifestations in autoimmune-mediated encephalitis. This group of diseases is suspected to be triggered by infection or neoplasm. Certain phenotypes correlate with specific autoantibody-related neurological disorders, such as orofacial-lingual dyskinesia with N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor encephalitis and faciobrachial dystonic seizures with leucine-rich glioma-inactivated protein 1 encephalitis. Early diagnosis and treatment, especially for autoantibodies targeting neuronal surface antigens, can improve prognosis. In contrast, the presence of autoantibodies against intracellular neuronal agents warrants screening for underlying malignancy. However, early clinical diagnosis is challenging because these diseases can be misdiagnosed. In this article, we review the distinctive clinical phenotypes, magnetic resonance imaging findings, and current treatment options for autoimmune-mediated encephalitis.

Parainfectious Anti-Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein-Associated Meningoencephalitis: Jae Young Joo, Dallah Yoo, Tae-Beom Ahn; J Mov Disord. 2022;15(1):66-70. Published online November 25, 2021; DOI: https://doi.org/10.14802/jmd.21115

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Movement disorders associated with glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) autoantibodies have rarely been reported as ataxia or tremors. A 32-year-old man with headache and fever, initially diagnosed with viral meningoencephalitis, showed gradual improvement with empirical treatment. Two weeks after the illness, he suddenly developed orofacial, tongue, and neck dyskinesia accompanied by oculomotor abnormalities, which developed into severe generalized choreoballism. Brain magnetic resonance imaging (fluid-attenuated inversion recovery) showed signal hyperintensities in the bilateral globus pallidus interna. The clinical picture suggested an acute inflammatory trigger of secondary autoimmune encephalitis. The autoimmune antibody test was positive for GFAP, with the strongest reactivity in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) before treatment and decreased reactivity in serial CSF examinations during immunotherapy. Dyskinesia gradually improved to the extent that it could be controlled with only oral medications. This patient presented with parainfectious GFAP meningoencephalitis with distinctive clinical features and imaging findings.

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Relapsing Autoimmune GFAP Astrocytopathy: Case Report
Ekaterina O. Chekanova, Аlla А. Shabalina, Taras O. Simaniv, Rodion N. Konovalov, Larisa A. Dobrynina, Lyudmila A. Kalashnikova, Maria V. Gubanova, Maria N. Zakharova
Annals of Clinical and Experimental Neurology.2024; 17(4): 89. CrossRef
Comment on “Parainfectious Anti-Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein-Associated Meningoencephalitis”
Byoung June Ahn, Kyum-Yil Kwon
Journal of Movement Disorders.2022; 15(2): 187. CrossRef
Re: Comment on “Parainfectious Anti-Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein-Associated Meningoencephalitis”
Dallah Yoo, Tae-Beom Ahn
Journal of Movement Disorders.2022; 15(2): 189. CrossRef

Unilateral Negative Myoclonus Caused by Herpes Simplex Virus Encephalitis: Jin-Mo Park, Jin-Sung Park, Yong-Won Kim, Ho-Won Lee, Da-In Lee, Sung-Pa Park, Hyun Seok Song; J Mov Disord. 2011;4(1):49-52.; DOI: https://doi.org/10.14802/jmd.11009

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Various neurologic manifestations of herpes simplex virus (HSV) encephalitis have been reported on the literatures. Chorea, ballism, choreoathetosis and myoclonus were reported as movement disorders which might be related with brain lesion by HSV encephalitis, but negative myoclonus (NM) has never been reported before. NM can be characterized as a shock-like involuntary jerky movement caused by a sudden, brief interruption of muscle activity. We experienced a case of HSV encephalitis with NM in unilateral arm and leg. In polygraphic monitoring, electroencephalography (EMG) silent periods are 50–250 ms in duration with no detectable EMG correlate.

Citations

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Epileptic negative myoclonus in herpes simplex virus encephalitis
Neel Fotedar, James Dolbow, Madhura Layfield, Suraj Thyagaraj, Jonathan Zande
Epileptic Disorders.2022; 24(2): 417. CrossRef
Myoclonus in the critically ill: Diagnosis, management, and clinical impact
Raoul Sutter, Anette Ristic, Stephan Rüegg, Peter Fuhr
Clinical Neurophysiology.2016; 127(1): 67. CrossRef
Chorée aiguë après encéphalite herpétique : réplication virale ou mécanisme immunologique ?
H. Benrhouma, A. Nasri, I. Kraoua, H. Klaa, I. Turki, N. Gouider-Khouja
Archives de Pédiatrie.2015; 22(9): 961. CrossRef

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