1Department of Neurology, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju, Korea
2Department of Neurology, Dongtan Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym University College of Medicine, Hwaseong, Korea
3Department of Neurology, Anam Hospital, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
4Department of Neurology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
5Severance Biomedical Science Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
Copyright © 2023 The Korean Movement Disorder Society
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Ethics Statement
This study was approved for human experiment from the Institutional Review Board (IRB) of the Yonsei University Wonju Severance Christian Hospital (approval number: CR320154), and the study was conducted according to the Declaration of Helsinki. Obtaining informed consent was exempted by the IRB and local regulation due to the retrospective design.
Conflicts of Interest
The authors have no financial conflicts of interest.
Funding Statement
This work was supported by grants from the National Research Foundation (NRF) funded by the Ministry of Education (NRF2022R1C1C1012535), the Technology Development Program (S3030742) funded by the Ministry of SMEs and Startups (MSS, Korea), and the Technology Innovation Program (20018182) funded by the Ministry of Trade, Industry & Energy (MOTIE, Korea).
Author contributions
Conceptualization: Joonyoung Ha, Jin Yong Hong. Data curation: Joonyoung Ha, Suk Yun Kang, Kyoungwon Baik. Formal analysis: Joonyoung Ha, Min Seok Baek, Jin Yong Hong. Funding acquisition: Min Seok Baek. Writing—original draft: Joonyoung Ha, Jin Yong Hong. Writing—review & editing: Suk Yun Kang, Kyoungwon Baik, Young H. Sohn, Phil Hyu Lee, Min Seok Baek.
Variable | With dyskinesia (n = 13) | Without dyskinesia (n = 145) | p |
---|---|---|---|
Sex, male | 5 (38.5) | 73 (50.3) | 0.412 |
Age at onset of PD, yr | 70.7 ± 6.3 | 60.7 ± 9.7 | < 0.001 |
UPDRS motor score* | 18.3 ± 4.8 | 25.4 ± 11.5 | 0.001 |
Tremor | 2.7 ± 2.3 | 4.3 ± 3.3 | 0.092 |
Bradykinesia | 7.1 ± 3.1 | 9.8 ± 5.4 | 0.021 |
Rigidity | 4.3 ± 2.3 | 6.4 ± 3.9 | 0.013 |
Posture/gait | 1.8 ± 1.6 | 2.2 ± 1.9 | 0.464 |
Hoehn & Yahr stage* | 2.0 ± 0.5 | 2.0 ± 0.6 | 0.862 |
Motor subtype* | 0.832 | ||
Tremor dominant | 5 (41.7) | 37 (44.0) | |
Mixed | 2 (16.7) | 9 (10.7) | |
PIGD | 5 (41.7) | 38 (45.2) | |
Age at initiation of AC, yr | 72.8 ± 6.0 | 63.8 ± 9.3 | 0.001 |
Time from PD onset to ACs, month | 25.1 ± 13.4 | 37.4 ± 34.0 | 0.013 |
Time from any drug to ACs, month | 12.3 ± 11.6 | 16.7 ± 27.2 | 0.559 |
ACs | 0.770 | ||
Benztropine | 3 (23.1) | 41 (28.3) | |
Procyclidine | 7 (53.8) | 63 (43.4) | |
Trihexyphenidyl | 3 (23.1) | 41 (28.3) | |
AC dose, mg/day | |||
Benztropine | 1.67 ± 0.58 | 1.98 ± 0.88 | 0.555 |
Procyclidine | 6.43 ± 1.34 | 6.87 ± 2.29 | 0.623 |
Trihexyphenidyl | 2.33 ± 1.53 | 3.15 ± 2.58 | 0.596 |
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