Concomitant Appearance of Pisa Syndrome and Striatal Hand in Parkinson’s Disease
Article information
Abstract
Pisa syndrome is (PS) usually seen in patients receiving antipsychotic drugs and characterised by lateral flexion of trunk and axial dystonia. It is believed that antipsychotic drugs lead to dopamine blockage causing PS. We describe a Parkinson’s disease patient who was doing well with levodopa/carbidopa for 3 years and developed lateral flexion of trunk. His abnormal posture used to completely improve upon lying down position. He also had striatal hand deformity suggestive of focal dystonia.
Different types of abnormal postures have been described in Parkinson’s disease (PD). Camptocormia, striatal hand, striatal foot are common manifestations in PD, however Pisa syndrome (PS) has been rarely described.1 PS commonly occurs in subjects receiving antipsychotic therapy and is characterised by axial dystonia and lateral flexion of body. Rarely this syndrome has also been described in Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and multisystem atrophy.2 Striatal hand and foot has been reported in approximately 10% of PD subjects. PS and striatal hand both reflect severe type of dystonia and to the best of our knowledge have not been described together in PD.
We describe a patient who had both highlighting a very rare combination of axial and limb dystonia in a subject of PD in early part of the disease without any exposure to dopamine blocking agents.
Case
A 42 year old gentleman presented with rest tremors, bradykinesia and rigidity for 10 years. He never had any symptoms suggestive of autonomic dysfunctions. On examination there was no cognitive decline and cerebellar signs were absent. He was prescribed levodopa/carbidopa preparation with trihexphenidyl. He responded very well to the treatment [UPDRS scale (off 40, on 24)]. After three years of onset of the disease, family members noticed that while walking he was having lateral flexion of trunk and was leaning on left side (see video). Along with this he also developed striatal hand (Figure 1). During supine position his trunk posture used to improve completely. He also showed significant improvement in symptoms with levodopa/carbidopa. His abnormal posture was worse during ‘off’ period in comparison to ‘on’ period. He was never given any typical or atypical neuroleptic agents. X-rays whole spine, MRI brain and paraspinal electromyography (EMG) were normal.
Striatal hand deformity in Parkinson’s disease patient.
Discussion
This patient of PD was diagnosed to have Pisa syndrome due to lateral flexion and axial dystonia on standing which used to completely improve in supine position. Normal EMG and spine X-rays rule out any other possibilities.
Pisa syndrome is a combination of lateral deviation of spine and corresponding tendency to lean on one side.3 Exact pathogenesis of PS is still not known. Different hypothesis have been discussed for understanding the mechanism of this syndrome. It is believed that cholinergic excess in patients of AD receiving cholinesterase inhibitor cause PS. In patients of PD it may be possible that striatal dopamine deficiency or imbalance in dopaminergic-cholinergic level is responsible for PS.4 This imbalance seems to be asymmetrical and is responsible for the lateral flexion on one side. Some authors have described improvement in this phenomenon following levodopa/carbidopa treatment. Our patient also had significant improvement in lateral flexion on standing during on period, however striatal hand symptoms showed no response to levodopa/carbidopa. It has been described that PD subjects in advanced stage of disease (HY III & IV) have more postural abnormality and striatal deformities while our patient manifested in early part of disease (HY IIb).3 Dopa agonists and amantidine has been tried with variable response. Neurosurgical interventions like pallidotomy and deep brain stimulation has also been tried in 13 subjects with good results.5
Notes
The authors have no financial conflicts of interest.