Ana Claudia Fiorini; Marcelo Cunio Machado Fonseca; Carla Alessandra Scorza; Josef Finsterer; Antônio Márcio Rodrigues; Antônio-Carlos Guimarães de Almeida; Fulvio Alexandre Scorza

doi:10.14802/jmd.20065

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Letter to the editor COVID-19: Implications for Sudden Death in Parkinson’s Disease: Ana Claudia Fiorini¹, Marcelo Cunio Machado Fonseca², Carla Alessandra Scorza³, Josef Finsterer⁴, Antônio Márcio Rodrigues⁵, Antônio-Carlos Guimarães de Almeida⁵, Fulvio Alexandre Scorza³; Journal of Movement Disorders 2021;14(1):78-80.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.14802/jmd.20065
Published online: August 31, 2021

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¹Department of Speech Therapy, Paulista School of Medicine, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil

²Department of Gynecology, Paulista School of Medicine, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil

³Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Paulista School of Medicine, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil

⁴Messerli Institute, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria

⁵Laboratory of Experimental and Computational Neuroscience, Department of Biosystem Engineering, Federal University of São João del-Rei, São João del-Rei, Brazil

Corresponding author: Fulvio Alexandre Scorza, BSc, MSc, PhD Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Paulista School of Medicine, Federal University of São Paulo, Rua Pedro de Toledo, 669-10 andar, CEP: 04039-032 São Paulo–SP, Brazil. Phone: +55-11-5576-4848. ext. 2829. / E-mail: scorza@unifesp.br

• Received: May 21, 2020 • Revised: June 1, 2020 • Accepted: June 19, 2020

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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REFERENCES

Always on the lookout for articles from the Journal of Movement Disorders, one in particular has attracted much attention because scientific proposals and perspectives are fascinating [1]. In brief, Bhidayasiri et al. [1] explored very precisely the risk of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection in Parkinson’s disease (PD) patients based on their susceptibility to severe disease, the impact of SARS-CoV-2 infection on PD disease severity, potential long-term sequelae, and difficulties in PD management during this outbreak. Considering the increasing awareness and recognition by neurologists about the acute and chronic consequences of SARS-CoV-2-mediated infection in PD patients [1], we truly applaud the authors for pursuing this topic. Moreover, the possibility that the current serious pandemic of the new coronavirus disease could influence the cardiovascular system [1,2] and thereby increase the incidence of sudden death in patients with PD (SUDPAR) also deserves some reflection.

The new coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) that hit the central Chinese city of Wuhan in late December 2019 and subsequently spread rapidly to all provinces of China and all countries worldwide has had a devastating impact on global public health [3]. SARS-CoV-2 is characterized by high contagiousness. In 85% of cases, it causes subclinical or mild disease, but compared to the flu, it more easily causes respiratory complications [e.g., severe pneumonia (ground glass opacities) and interstitial pneumonia] in 10–15% of cases. Five percent of infected patients require intensive care unit admission [3]. During these worst-case scenarios, lethality is estimated at approximately 0.7–7% [3,4]. Compared to previous coronavirus epidemics, contagiousness is higher, but mortality is decidedly lower than that observed with severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) infection in 2002 and Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) infection in 2012, both of which showed higher mortality (9.5% and 34.4%, respectively) [3,4]. Furthermore, it has been suggested that for severe or critically ill patients, in addition to respiratory supportive treatment, a more careful assessment and the treatment of various affected organs are important [4]. Thus, the cardiac implications of SARS-CoV-2 infection have received special attention, and the American College of Cardiology (ACC) published a bulletin in February 2020 that highlighted the potential cardiac implications of the new coronavirus infection [3]. On these lines, it has been clearly demonstrated that the cardiovascular system is often involved in SARS-CoV-2 infection early, reflected in the release of highly sensitive troponin and natriuretic peptides (proBNP), which are all extremely prognostic, particularly in those showing continued rise, along with cytokines such as interleukin-6 [5]. Moreover, inflammation in the vascular system induces diffuse microangiopathy with thrombosis [5]. Similarly, inflammation in the myocardium may also trigger myocarditis, heart failure, cardiac arrhythmias, acute coronary syndrome, rapid deterioration and sudden death [5,6]. The elevation of troponin, proBNP, and inflammatory parameters could also be due to acute right heart strain secondary to interstitial pneumonia [6].

As the coronavirus pandemic has the potential to differentially disadvantage chronically ill patients, neuroscientists have given special attention to individuals with PD in this catastrophic scenario that we are currently experiencing [1]. In this sense, although the medical team’s first reaction was to limit access to clinics and neurology wards to prevent fragile PD patients from being infected, some interesting proposals regarding hospital logistics, medical procedures and treatment and telemedicine have also been discussed among various movement disorder neurologists operating in different world regions [1]. Due to the seriousness of the current situation, it would also be extremely important to discuss the possibility of premature death in PD patients.

PD is one of the most frequent age-related neurodegenerative disorders and affects millions of people globally, and epidemiological studies have demonstrated that it is accompanied by high rates of premature death compared with the general population [2]. In these circumstances, it has been clearly demonstrated that the predominant causes of death in PD are pneumonia, cerebrovascular disease, and cardiovascular diseases [2]. Additionally, it is important to emphasize that SUDPAR, although it is still considered a rare event, is increasingly discussed as a contribution to mortality in PD (Table 1) [2]. Three years ago, SUDPAR was defined as unexpected death of a patient with PD without any satisfactory cause as determined by autopsy [2]. Epidemiologically, there are no studies to date that accurately evaluate the possible distribution of SUDPAR in the main research centers for movement disorders. Nevertheless, a series of studies since the 1970s that evaluated SUDPAR cases have pointed out that an average of 14% of PD patients die suddenly [2]. The effective causes of SUDPAR are not yet known [2]. However, the results of clinical and experimental studies suggest that cardiac abnormalities and autonomic dysfunction play a possible “direct” role in SUDPAR, since approximately 60% of PD patients have cardiovascular disturbances and because of frequent autonomic disturbances in PD [2]. In these lines, recent research suggests that some risk factors may be directly related to SUDPAR, such as age at onset, the duration of PD, sex, motor severity and drug treatment (polypharmacy) [2], but these potential risk factors for SUDPAR need to be further investigated in translational studies.

On the whole, we are experiencing a pandemic that is already transforming the world through economic, political, scientific, social, cultural, environmental and health aspects. Really, most of us are not prepared to deal with SARS-CoV-2 infection, especially when it is associated with critically ill patients, including individuals with PD [7]. Finally, we are fully convinced that the entire healthcare team must work together to manage complications in cases of SARS-CoV-2 infection.

Notes

Conflicts of Interest

The authors have no financial conflicts of interest.

Author Contributions

Conceptualization: Ana Claudia Fiorini, Fulvio Alexandre Scorza. Supervision: Marcelo Cunio Machado Fonseca, Carla Alessandra Scorza. Writing—original draft: Ana Claudia Fiorini, Fulvio Alexandre Scorza. Writing—review & editing: Carla Alessandra Scorza, Antônio Marcio Rodrigues, Antônio-Carlos Guimarães de Almeida, Josef Finsterer.

Acknowledgments

Our studies are supported by the following grants: FAPESP (Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo), CNPq (Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico) and Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES).

Table 1.

Summary of possible SUDPAR cases reported in the literature [2].

Authors	Year	Study (design)	Number of deaths/number of sudden deaths, possible causes
Rajput and Rozdilsky	1976	Necropsy	7/2 (28.5%), without specific cause
Sato et al.	2006	Cohort	131/7 (5.3%), without specific cause
Matsumoto et al.	2014	Autopsy	16/7 (43.7%), unknown, asphyxia, duodenal ulcer
Nishida et al.	2017	Clinicopathological (case report)	2/2 (100%), arrhythmogenic potential and Lewy pathology
Zhang et al.	2018	Autopsy	31/3 (9%), orthostatic hypotension, abnormal Lewy bodies

REFERENCES

1. Bhidayasiri R, Virameteekul S, Kim JM, Pal PK, Chung SJ. COVID-19: an early review of its global impact and considerations for Parkinson’s disease patient care. J Mov Disord 2020;13:105–114.Article PubMed PMC PDF
2. Scorza FA, Fiorini AC, Scorza CA, Finsterer J. Cardiac abnormalities in Parkinson’s disease and parkinsonism. J Clin Neurosci 2018;53:1–5.Article PubMed
3. Di Pasquale G. COVID-19 coronavirus: what implications for Cardiology? G Ital Cardiol (Rome) 2020;21:243–245.PubMed
4. Li T, Lu H, Zhang W. Clinical observation and management of COVID-19 patients. Emerg Microbes Infect 2020;9:687–690.Article PubMed PMC
5. Liu PP, Blet A, Smyth D, Li H. The science underlying COVID-19: implications for the cardiovascular system. Circulation 2020;142:68–78.Article PubMed
6. Cheng P, Zhu H, Witteles RM, Wu JC, Quertermous T, Wu SM, et al. Cardiovascular risks in patients with COVID-19: potential mechanisms and areas of uncertainty. Curr Cardiol Rep 2020;22:34.Article PubMed PMC PDF
7. Hainque E, Grabli D. Rapid worsening in Parkinson’s disease may hide COVID-19 infection. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 2020;May. 8. [Epub]. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.parkreldis.2020.05.008. Article

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