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1Division of Neurology, Maimonides Medical Center, Brooklyn, New York, USA
2St. George’s University School of Medicine, Grenada
3Institute of Technology College of Osteopathic Medicine, Old Westbury, New York, USA
Copyright © 2015 The Korean Movement Disorder Society
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Reference | Age | Sex | Renal function | Cefepime daily dose (grams) | Symptoms and signs | Latency to onset of symptoms (days) | Treatment | Outcome |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Garces et al. [1] | 74 | F | CRF | 2 | Confusion, myoclonus | 4 | N/A | Clinical resolution 24 h after discontinuation |
Thabet et al. [3] | 54 | M | CRF--BUN: 137 mg/dL on day 1 | 1 | Confusion, myoclonic jerks, NCSE | 10 | Phenytoin sodium valproic acid | Died on day 11 due to septic shock |
Thabet et al. [3] | 79 | F | Normal-BUN/Cr: 22/1.2 CrCl: 44.47 mL/min | 4 | Confusion, jerky movement of arms | 2 | Lorazepam valproic acid | Clinical resolution within 3 days |
Thabet et al. [3] | 66 | F | ARF--CrCl went from 88 to 30 mL/min | 6 | Confusion, myoclonic jerks of lower limbs | 12 | Clonazepam valproic acid | Symptoms improved 48 hours later |
Thabet et al. [3] | 65 | M | ARF | 2 | Coma, myoclonic jerks in all extremities | 6 | Phenytoin | Clinical resolution within 1 month |
Thabet et al. [3] | 65 | M | ARF--Cr: 2.79 mg/dL | 2 | Confusion, myoclonus, NCSE | 12 | Clonazepam | Complete recovery; discharged on day 41 after admission |
Thabet et al. [3] | 79 | M | CRF--Cr: 4.5 mg/dL | 1 | Confusion, mild limb or facial myoclonus | 6 | Clonazepam valproic acid | Clinical resolution within 4 days |
Thabet et al. [3] | 64 | F | CRF--Cr: 5.0 | 1 | Agitation, confusion, myoclonus, mild limb or facial myoclonus | 5 | Clonazepam phenytoin | Immediate clinical resolution within one day |
Thabet et al. [3] | 86 | M | CRF--Cr: 5.1 mg/dL | 4 | Agitation, confusion, mild limb or facial myoclonus | 4 | Valproic acid, phenytoin | Clinical resolution within 7 days |
Thabet et al. [3] | 79 | F | CRF--Cr: 5.2 mg/dL | 4 | Confusion, mild limb or facial myoclonus | 10 | Clonazepam phenytoin, valproic acid | Clinical resolution within 2 days |
Thabet et al. [3] | 44 | M | CRF--BUN/Cr: 71/5.8 mg/dL | 2 | Confusion, shoulder tremor, ankle clonus | 1 | Lorazepam valproic acid | Clinical resolution within hours |
Thabet et al. [3] | 15 | F | CRF--BUN: 75.6 mg/dL | 2 | Myoclonic jerks in arms, ankle clonus, coma | 5 | Midazolam | Regained consciousness |
Kim et al. [4] | 77 | F | CRF--BUN/Cr: 27.1/1.9 mg/dL | 1 | Aphasia, disorientation muscle cramp | 2 | N/A | Alternating cycles of systemic improvement and worsening |
Durand-Maugard et al. [5] | 84 | CKD--CrCl: < 20 mL/min | 2 | Myoclonus | 6 | N/A | Recovery after discontinuation | |
Durand-Maugard et al. [5] | 77 | CKD--CrCl: 15 mL/min | 3 | Confusion, myoclonus | 2 | Clonazepam | Death from other causes | |
Sonck et al. [6] | 74 | M | CKD--CrCl: 50 mL/min | 5 | Coma, myoclonus | 7 | N/A | Death in 1 day |
Sonck et al. [6] | 71 | M | ESRD--CrCl: < 15 mL/min | 8.8 | Coma, myoclonus | 4 | N/A | Death in 2 days |
Sonck et al. [6] | 82 | F | ESRD--CrCl: < 15 mL/min | 1.2 | Aphasia, myoclonus, chorea-athetosis, convulsions | 4 | N/A | Death in 10 days |
Sonck et al. [6] | 84 | M | ESRD--CrCl: < 15 mL/min | 3.3 | Aphasia, myoclonus | 3 | N/A | Death in 31 days |
Sonck et al. [6] | 70 | F | ESRD--CrCl: < 15 mL/min | 1 | Myoclonus, coma | 5 | N/A | Death in 42 days |
Khasani[7] | 91 | M | BUN/Cr: 39/0.9 | 3 | Myoclonus of jaw and arms | 7 | N/A | Recovery after discontinuation |
Khasani[7] | 86 | M | BUN/Cr: 40/0.6 | 2 | Jaw and all limb myoclonus | 5 | N/A | Recovery after discontinuation |
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