Human locomotion involves a complex interplay among multiple brain regions and depends on constant feedback from the visual system. We summarize here the current understanding of the relationship among fixations, saccades, and gait as observed in studies sampling eye movements during locomotion, through a review of the literature and a synthesis of the relevant knowledge on the topic. A significant overlap in locomotor and saccadic neural circuitry exists that may support this relationship. Several animal studies have identified potential integration nodes between these overlapping circuitries. Behavioral studies that explored the relationship of saccadic and gait-related impairments in normal conditions and in various disease states are also discussed. Eye movements and locomotion share many underlying neural circuits, and further studies can leverage this interplay for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes.
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Objective Galvanic vestibular stimulation (GVS) activates the vestibular afferents, and these changes in vestibular input exert a strong influence on the subject’s posture or standing balance. In patients with Parkinson’s disease (PD), vestibular dysfunction might contribute to postural instability and gait disorders.
Methods Current intensity was increased to 0.7 mA, and the current was applied to the patients for 20 minutes. To perform a sham stimulation, the current intensity was increased as described and then decreased to 0 mA over the course of 10 seconds. The patient’s status was recorded continuously for 20 minutes with the patient in the supine position.
Results Three out of 5 patients diagnosed with PD with postural instability and/or abnormal axial posture showed a reduction in postural instability after GVS. The score for item 12 of the revised Unified Parkinson’s Disease Rating Scale part 3 was decreased in these patients.
Conclusions The mechanism of postural instability is complex and not completely understood. In 2 out of the 5 patients, postural instability was not changed in response to GVS. Nonetheless, the GVS-induced change in postural instability for 3 patients in our study suggests that GVS might be a therapeutic option for postural instability.
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Postural instability and resulting falls are major factors determining quality of life, morbidity, and mortality in individuals with Parkinson’s disease (PD). A better understanding of balance impairments would improve management of balance dysfunction and prevent falls in patients with PD. The effects of bradykinesia, rigidity, impaired proprioception, freezing of gait and attention on postural stability in patients with idiopathic PD have been well characterized in laboratory studies. The purpose of this review is to systematically summarize the types of balance impairments contributing to postural instability in people with PD.
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A comparison of the relationship between manual dexterity and postural control in young and older individuals with Parkinson’s disease Aybuke Cansu Kalkan, Turhan Kahraman, Biron Onur Ugut, Berril Donmez Colakoglu, Arzu Genc Journal of Clinical Neuroscience.2020; 75: 89. CrossRef
Explaining Parkinsonian postural sway variabilities using intermittent control theory Ranjita Dash, Vrutangkumar V. Shah, Harish J. Palanthandalam-Madapusi Journal of Biomechanics.2020; 105: 109791. CrossRef
Rehabilitation of older people with Parkinson’s disease: an innovative protocol for RCT study to evaluate the potential of robotic-based technologies Roberta Bevilacqua, Elvira Maranesi, Mirko Di Rosa, Riccardo Luzi, Elisa Casoni, Nadia Rinaldi, Renato Baldoni, Fabrizia Lattanzio, Valentina Di Donna, Giuseppe Pelliccioni, Giovanni Renato Riccardi BMC Neurology.2020;[Epub] CrossRef
Assessment of Functional Activities in Individuals with Parkinson’s Disease Using a Simple and Reliable Smartphone-Based Procedure Pilar Serra-Añó, José Francisco Pedrero-Sánchez, Marta Inglés, Marta Aguilar-Rodríguez, Ismael Vargas-Villanueva, Juan López-Pascual International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health.2020; 17(11): 4123. CrossRef
New insight into Parkinson’s disease‐related impairment of the automatic control of upright stance Cédrick T. Bonnet, Arnaud Delval, Tarkeshwar Singh, Yann‐Romain Kechabia, Luc Defebvre European Journal of Neuroscience.2020; 52(12): 4851. CrossRef
Innovative Parkinson's Disease Patients' Motor Skills Assessment: The i-PROGNOSIS Paradigm Sofia Balula Dias, Athina Grammatikopoulou, José Alves Diniz, Kosmas Dimitropoulos, Nikos Grammalidis, Vicky Zilidou, Theodore Savvidis, Evdokimos Konstantinidis, Panagiotis D. Bamidis, Hagen Jaeger, Michael Stadtschnitzer, Hugo Silva, Gonçalo Telo, Ioann Frontiers in Computer Science.2020;[Epub] CrossRef
Effects of multimodal balance training supported by rhythmical auditory stimuli in people with advanced stages of Parkinson's disease: a pilot randomized clinical trial Tamine T.C. Capato, Jorik Nonnekes, Nienke M. de Vries, Joanna IntHout, Egberto R. Barbosa, Bastiaan R. Bloem Journal of the Neurological Sciences.2020; 418: 117086. CrossRef
Responsiveness of Objective vs. Clinical Balance Domain Outcomes for Exercise Intervention in Parkinson's Disease Naoya Hasegawa, Vrutangkumar V. Shah, Graham Harker, Patricia Carlson-Kuhta, John G. Nutt, Jodi A. Lapidus, Se Hee Jung, Nancy Barlow, Laurie A. King, Fay B. Horak, Martina Mancini Frontiers in Neurology.2020;[Epub] CrossRef
Neuroprotective Effects of Coffee Bioactive Compounds: A Review Katarzyna Socała, Aleksandra Szopa, Anna Serefko, Ewa Poleszak, Piotr Wlaź International Journal of Molecular Sciences.2020; 22(1): 107. CrossRef
Parkinson's Disease and Parkinsonism Michael T. Hayes The American Journal of Medicine.2019; 132(7): 802. CrossRef
How to Select Balance Measures Sensitive to Parkinson’s Disease from Body-Worn Inertial Sensors—Separating the Trees from the Forest Naoya Hasegawa, Vrutangkumar V. Shah, Patricia Carlson-Kuhta, John G. Nutt, Fay B. Horak, Martina Mancini Sensors.2019; 19(15): 3320. CrossRef
Treatment options for postural instability and gait difficulties in Parkinson’s disease Martijn L.T.M. Müller, Uros Marusic, Miriam van Emde Boas, Daniel Weiss, Nicolaas I. Bohnen Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics.2019; 19(12): 1229. CrossRef
A new technique to test the effect of cognition on standing balance in Parkinson’s disease M Bhatt, B Mahana, JJ Marotta, JH Ko, T Szturm Open Journal of Parkinson's Disease and Treatment.2019; 2(1): 006. CrossRef
Step length determines minimum toe clearance in older adults and people with Parkinson’s disease Lisa Alcock, Brook Galna, Ruth Perkins, Sue Lord, Lynn Rochester Journal of Biomechanics.2018; 71: 30. CrossRef
Long-term effects of highly challenging balance training in Parkinson’s disease—a randomized controlled trial Martin Benka Wallén, Maria Hagströmer, David Conradsson, Kimmo Sorjonen, Erika Franzén Clinical Rehabilitation.2018; : 026921551878433. CrossRef
Parkinson's disease versus ageing: different postural responses to soleus muscle vibration Diana Bzdúšková, Peter Valkovič, Zuzana Hirjaková, Jana Kimijanová, František Hlavačka Gait & Posture.2018; 65: 169. CrossRef
A High-Intensity Multicomponent Agility Intervention Improves Parkinson Patients’ Clinical and Motor Symptoms József Tollár, Ferenc Nagy, Norbert Kovács, Tibor Hortobágyi Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation.2018; 99(12): 2478. CrossRef
Parkinson’s disease does not alter automatic visual-motor coupling in postural control Caio Ferraz Cruz, Maria Elisa Pimentel Piemonte, Líria Akie Okai-Nobrega, Erika Okamoto, Ana Claudia de Souza Fortaleza, Martina Mancini, Fay Bahling Horak, José Angelo Barela Neuroscience Letters.2018; 686: 47. CrossRef
Assessing Walking Adaptability in Parkinson's Disease: “The Interactive Walkway” Daphne J. Geerse, Melvyn Roerdink, Johan Marinus, Jacobus J. van Hilten Frontiers in Neurology.2018;[Epub] CrossRef
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Axial rigidity is related to the risk of falls in patients with Parkinson’s disease Roberto Cano-de-la-Cuerda, Lydia Vela-Desojo, Juan Carlos Miangolarra-Page, Yolanda Macías-Macías NeuroRehabilitation.2017; 40(4): 569. CrossRef
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Investigation of Anticipatory Postural Adjustments during One-Leg Stance Using Inertial Sensors: Evidence from Subjects with Parkinsonism Gianluca Bonora, Martina Mancini, Ilaria Carpinella, Lorenzo Chiari, Maurizio Ferrarin, John G. Nutt, Fay B. Horak Frontiers in Neurology.2017;[Epub] CrossRef
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Biomechanical Analysis of Dance for Parkinson’s Disease: A Paradoxical Case Study of Balance and Gait Effects? Kristen L. Sowalsky, Jill Sonke, Lori J.P. Altmann, Leonardo Almeida, Chris J. Hass EXPLORE.2017; 13(6): 409. CrossRef
Femur Fractures in Parkinsonism: Analysis of a National Sample Cohort in South Korea Soo Jeong An, Seung-Hwan Lee, Seo-Young Lee, Jae-Woo Kwon, Seung-Joon Lee, Young-Ju Kim Journal of Clinical Neurology.2017; 13(4): 380. CrossRef
The International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health as Applied to Parkinson’s Disease: A Literature Review Audrin Said Vojciechowski, Talita Gianello Gnoato Zotz, Ana Paula Cunha Loureiro, Vera Lúcia Israel Advances in Parkinson's Disease.2016; 05(02): 29. CrossRef
Can Gait Signatures Provide Quantitative Measures for Aiding Clinical Decision-Making? A Systematic Meta-Analysis of Gait Variability Behavior in Patients with Parkinson's Disease Niklas König, Navrag B. Singh, Christian R. Baumann, William R. Taylor Frontiers in Human Neuroscience.2016;[Epub] CrossRef