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Review Article
- Functional Movement Disorders: Updates and Clinical Overview
- Jung E Park
- J Mov Disord. 2024;17(3):251-261. Published online July 1, 2024
- DOI: https://doi.org/10.14802/jmd.24126
- 3,862 View
- 387 Download
- 1 Crossref
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Abstract
PDF - Functional movement disorder (FMD) is a type of functional neurological disorder that is common but often difficult to diagnose or manage. FMD can present as various phenotypes, including tremor, dystonia, myoclonus, gait disorders, and parkinsonism. Conducting a clinical examination appropriate for assessing a patient with suspected FMD is important, and various diagnostic testing maneuvers may also be helpful. Treatment involving a multidisciplinary team, either outpatient or inpatient, has been found to be most effective. Examples of such treatment protocols are also discussed in this review. While recognition and understanding of the disorder has improved over the past few decades, as well as the development of treatments, it is not uncommon for patients and physicians to continue to experience various difficulties when dealing with this disorder. In this review, I provide a practical overview of FMD and discuss how the clinical encounter itself can play a role in patients’ acceptance of the diagnosis. Recent neuroimaging studies that aid in understanding the pathophysiology are also discussed.
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Citations
Citations to this article as recorded by
- Clinical insights into movement disorders in children: A review of etiology, diagnosis, and treatment options
Aron Christy, Ramya A
IP International Journal of Medical Paediatrics and Oncology.2024; 10(4): 103. CrossRef
- Clinical insights into movement disorders in children: A review of etiology, diagnosis, and treatment options
Original Articles
- Validation of the Conversion between the Mini-Mental State Examination and Montreal Cognitive assessment in Korean Patients with Parkinson’s Disease
- Ryul Kim, Han-Joon Kim, Aryun Kim, Mi-Hee Jang, Hyun Jeong Kim, Beomseok Jeon
- J Mov Disord. 2018;11(1):30-34. Published online January 11, 2018
- DOI: https://doi.org/10.14802/jmd.17038
- 10,092 View
- 256 Download
- 14 Web of Science
- 20 Crossref
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Abstract
PDF
- Objective
Two conversion tables between the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) and Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) have recently been established for Parkinson’s disease (PD). This study aimed to validate them in Korean patients with PD and to evaluate whether they could be influenced by educational level.
Methods
A total of 391 patients with PD who undertook both the Korean MMSE and the Korean MoCA during the same session were retrospectively assessed. The mean, median, and root mean squared error (RMSE) of the difference between the true and converted MMSE scores and the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) were calculated according to educational level (6 or fewer years, 7–12 years, or 13 or more years).
Results
Both conversions had a median value of 0, with a small mean and RMSE of differences, and a high correlation between the true and converted MMSE scores. In the classification according to educational level, all groups had roughly similar values of the median, mean, RMSE, and ICC both within and between the conversions.
Conclusion
Our findings suggest that both MMSE-MoCA conversion tables are useful instruments for transforming MoCA scores into converted MMSE scores in Korean patients with PD, regardless of educational level. These will greatly enhance the utility of the existing cognitive data from the Korean PD population in clinical and research settings. -
Citations
Citations to this article as recorded by- Heterogeneous factors influence social cognition across diverse settings in brain health and age-related diseases
Sol Fittipaldi, Agustina Legaz, Marcelo Maito, Hernan Hernandez, Florencia Altschuler, Veronica Canziani, Sebastian Moguilner, Claire M. Gillan, Josefina Castillo, Patricia Lillo, Nilton Custodio, José Alberto Avila-Funes, Juan Felipe Cardona, Andrea Slac
Nature Mental Health.2024; 2(1): 63. CrossRef - Application of machine learning models on predicting the length of hospital stay in fragility fracture patients
Chun-Hei Lai, Prudence Kwan-Lam Mok, Wai-Wang Chau, Sheung-Wai Law
BMC Medical Informatics and Decision Making.2024;[Epub] CrossRef - Gaze Scanning on Mid-Block Sidewalks by Pedestrians With Homonymous Hemianopia With or Without Spatial Neglect
Shrinivas Pundlik, Matteo Tomasi, Kevin E. Houston, Ayush Kumar, Prerana Shivshanker, Alex R. Bowers, Eli Peli, Gang Luo
Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science.2024; 65(8): 46. CrossRef - Effects of nonimmersive virtual reality using Wii-Fit exercises on balance and cognition in Parkinson disease: A meta-analysis
Fouzia Hussain, Sumaira Farooqui, Amna Aamir Khan, Muhammad Usman Khan, Muhammad Abid Khan, Ahad Hasan
Medicine.2024; 103(30): e38940. CrossRef - Association between elevated glycosylated hemoglobin and cognitive impairment in older Korean adults: 2009–2010 Ansan cohort of the Korean genome and epidemiology study
Jung Sook Kim, Byung Chul Chun, Kyoungho Lee
Frontiers in Public Health.2024;[Epub] CrossRef - Whole-Body and Segmental Phase Angles and Cognitive Function in the Older Korean Population: Cross-Sectional Analysis
Jiaren Chen, Jong-Hwan Park, Chien-Yu Lin, Ting-Fu Lai, Du-Ri Kim, Myung-Jun Shin, Eunsoo Moon, Jung Mo Kang, Jong Won Lee, Yoon Jae Cho, Yung Liao, Tae Sik Goh, Jung Sub Lee
JMIR Public Health and Surveillance.2024; 10: e63457. CrossRef - Gaze Scanning at Street Crossings by Pedestrians With Homonymous Hemianopia With and Without Hemispatial Neglect
Shrinivas Pundlik, Matteo Tomasi, Kevin E. Houston, Ayush Kumar, Prerana Shivshanker, Alex R. Bowers, Eli Peli, Gang Luo
Investigative Opthalmology & Visual Science.2023; 64(14): 26. CrossRef - Comparative study of two Chinese versions of Montreal Cognitive Assessment for Screening of Mild Cognitive Impairment
Yu-Yuan Huang, Shu-Xia Qian, Qiao-Bing Guan, Ke-Liang Chen, Qian-Hua Zhao, Jia-Hong Lu, Qi-Hao Guo
Applied Neuropsychology: Adult.2021; 28(1): 88. CrossRef - Conversion between Mini‐Mental State Examination and Montreal Cognitive Assessment scores in older adults undergoing selective surgery using Rasch analysis
Xiaoying Chen, Huangliang Wen, Jinni Wang, Yayan Yi, Jialan Wu, Xiaoyan Liao
Journal of Advanced Nursing.2021; 77(2): 729. CrossRef - Converting from the Montreal Cognitive Assessment to the Mini-Mental State Examination-2
Hwabeen Yang, Daehyuk Yim, Moon Ho Park, Antony Bayer
PLOS ONE.2021; 16(7): e0254055. CrossRef - Validation of Four Methods for Converting Scores on the Montreal Cognitive Assessment to Scores on the Mini-Mental State Examination-2
Sung Hoon Kang, Moon Ho Park
Dementia and Neurocognitive Disorders.2021; 20(4): 41. CrossRef - Կոգնիտիվ վիճակի գնահատման Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) սանդղակի հայերեն տարբերակի ադապտացում և վալիդացում
Մ.Ա. Իսայան, Հ.Ա. Հովակիմյան, Լ.Վ. Վարդանյան, Ս.Գ. Խաչատրյան, Զ.Դ. Թավադյան
Armenian Journal of Health & Medical Sciences.2021; : 27. CrossRef - Determinant of Quality of Life in Patients with Chronic Cerebral Infarct
Yujin Lee, Joon Sung Kim, Bo Young Hong, Jung Geun Park, Jae Wan Yoo, Kyoung Bo Lee, Tae-Woo Kim, Seong Hoon Lim
Brain & Neurorehabilitation.2020;[Epub] CrossRef - Concordance of Mini-Mental State Examination, Montreal Cognitive Assessment and Parkinson Neuropsychometric Dementia Assessment in the classification of cognitive performance in Parkinson's disease
Jannik Florian Scheffels, Leon Fröhlich, Elke Kalbe, Josef Kessler
Journal of the Neurological Sciences.2020; 412: 116735. CrossRef - Hand motor functions on the presence of red fluorescent dental biofilm in older community-dwelling Koreans
Na-Ri Shin, Yeo-Jin Yi, Jun-Seon Choi
Photodiagnosis and Photodynamic Therapy.2019; 28: 120. CrossRef - Is the modified Mann Assessment of Swallowing Ability useful for assessing dysphagia in patients with mild to moderate dementia?
Eun Kyu Ji, Hae Hyun Wang, Sung June Jung, Kyoung Bo Lee, Joon Sung Kim, Bo Young Hong, Seong Hoon Lim
Journal of Clinical Neuroscience.2019; 70: 169. CrossRef - The Changes for Strength of Oropharyngeal Muscles in Patients with Dementia and Dysphagia
Eun Kyu Ji, Hae Hyun Wang, Sung June Jung, Kyoung Bo Lee, Joon Sung Kim, Bo Young Hong, Tae-Woo Kim, Seong Hoon Lim
Brain & Neurorehabilitation.2019;[Epub] CrossRef - Konversionen von kognitiven Screenings
J. F. Scheffels, H. Kräling, E. Kalbe, J. Kessler
Der Nervenarzt.2018; 89(12): 1371. CrossRef - Manual Dexterity and Aging: A Pilot Study Disentangling Sensorimotor From Cognitive Decline
Loic Carment, Abir Abdellatif, Carmelo Lafuente-Lafuente, Sylvie Pariel, Marc A. Maier, Joël Belmin, Påvel G. Lindberg
Frontiers in Neurology.2018;[Epub] CrossRef - Validation of MoCA-MMSE Conversion Scales in Korean Patients with Cognitive Impairments
Young Ik Jung, Eun Hye Jeong, Heejin Lee, Junghee Seo, Hyun-Jeong Yu, Jin Y. Hong, Mun Kyung Sunwoo
Dementia and Neurocognitive Disorders.2018; 17(4): 148. CrossRef
- Heterogeneous factors influence social cognition across diverse settings in brain health and age-related diseases
- Psychodynamic Psychotherapy for Functional (Psychogenic) Movement Disorders
- Vibhash D. Sharma, Randi Jones, Stewart A. Factor
- J Mov Disord. 2017;10(1):40-44. Published online December 27, 2016
- DOI: https://doi.org/10.14802/jmd.16038
- 13,239 View
- 201 Download
- 13 Web of Science
- 13 Crossref
-
Abstract
PDF
- Objective
As the literature for the treatment of functional (psychogenic) movement disorders (FMD) is sparse, we assessed clinical outcomes in patients with FMD who underwent treatment with psychodynamic psychotherapy (PDP).
Methods
A retrospective analysis of the data of patients with FMD who were referred for PDP from 2008−2014 at Emory University Medical Center was performed.
Results
Thirty patients were included, mean age at presentation was 50 years (SD 13.9) and majority were female (27/30). Most common movement disorder was involuntary shaking/jerky movements (50%) and tremor (43%). Mean duration of symptoms was 3.2 years and mean number of PDP visits was 4.9. PDP lead to good outcomes in 10, modest in 8, and poor in 9. Three patients lost to follow up. Mean duration of symptoms between two groups (good vs. poor) was not statistically significant (p = 0.11), mean number of PDP visits showed a trend towards significance (p = 0.053). In all cases of good outcomes precipitants of the movement disorder were identified and a majority (60%) was receptive of the diagnosis and had good insight.
Conclusion
PDP lead to improvement in 60% of the patients which is encouraging as the treatment is challenging. This study supports heterogeneous causes of FMD including varied roles of past/recent events and demonstrates importance of psychological approaches such as PDP. Treatment with PDP should be considered in some patients with FMD but predicting who will respond remains a challenge. Further long term prospective studies with large sample size and placebo control are needed. -
Citations
Citations to this article as recorded by- Functional Tic‐Like Behaviors: A Common Comorbidity in Patients with Tourette Syndrome
Kirsten R. Müller‐Vahl, Anna Pisarenko, Carolin Fremer, Martina Haas, Ewgeni Jakubovski, Natalia Szejko
Movement Disorders Clinical Practice.2024; 11(3): 227. CrossRef - Living with functional movement disorders: a tale of three battles. An interpretative phenomenological analysis
Sylwia Bazydlo, Fiona J. R. Eccles
Psychology & Health.2024; 39(8): 1130. CrossRef - Integrated model of care for functional movement disorder: targeting brain, mind and body
Haseel Bhatt, Lindsey MacGillivray, Gabriela S. Gilmour, Keschey Marcelle, Laura Langer, Sarah C. Lidstone
Disability and Rehabilitation.2024; : 1. CrossRef - Neuropsychiatric Treatment Approaches for Functional Neurological Disorder: A How to Guide
Sara A. Finkelstein, Caitlin Adams, Margaret Tuttle, Aneeta Saxena, David L. Perez
Seminars in Neurology.2022; 42(02): 204. CrossRef - Functional tremor
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Journal of the Neurological Sciences.2022; 435: 120208. CrossRef - Psychological interventions for treating functional motor symptoms: A systematic scoping review of the literature
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Clinical Psychology Review.2022; 94: 102146. CrossRef - Management of Functional Seizures and Functional Movement Disorder: A Cross-Sectional Comparative Study
Bruno Gabriel Dal Pasquale, Hélio Afonso Ghizoni Teive, Marcelo Daudt von der Heyde, Luana Francine Anad Dal Pasquale
Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment.2022; Volume 18: 2121. CrossRef - Efficacy of a 5-day, intensive, multidisciplinary, outpatient physical and occupational therapy protocol in the treatment of functional movement disorders: A retrospective study
Megan Reid, Steven D. Mitchell, Katharine M. Mitchell, Christos Sidiropoulos
Journal of the Neurological Sciences.2022; 443: 120461. CrossRef - Diagnosis and therapy of functional tremor a systematic review illustrated by a case report
Michael Bartl, Rebekka Kewitsch, Mark Hallett, Martin Tegenthoff, Walter Paulus
Neurological Research and Practice.2020;[Epub] CrossRef - Speech, language and swallowing impairments in functional neurological disorder: a scoping review
Caroline Barnett, Jean Armes, Christina Smith
International Journal of Language & Communication Disorders.2019; 54(3): 309. CrossRef - Functional movement disorders in neurogeriatric inpatients
Sara Mätzold, Johanna Geritz, Kirsten E. Zeuner, Daniela Berg, Steffen Paschen, Johanne Hieke, Simone Sablowsky, Christian Ortlieb, Philipp Bergmann, Werner Hofmann, Alberto J. Espay, Walter Maetzler
Zeitschrift für Gerontologie und Geriatrie.2019; 52(4): 324. CrossRef - Psychogenic (Functional) Movement Disorders
Mary Ann Thenganatt, Joseph Jankovic
CONTINUUM: Lifelong Learning in Neurology.2019; 25(4): 1121. CrossRef - Disentangling Stigma from Functional Neurological Disorders: Conference Report and Roadmap for the Future
Karen S. Rommelfanger, Stewart A. Factor, Suzette LaRoche, Phyllis Rosen, Raymond Young, Mark H. Rapaport
Frontiers in Neurology.2017;[Epub] CrossRef
- Functional Tic‐Like Behaviors: A Common Comorbidity in Patients with Tourette Syndrome
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