Journal of Movement Disorders

Original Articles

Retro-Walking and Cholinergic Network Correlates in Parkinson’s Disease: Alexis Griggs, Giulia Carli, Taylor Brown, Prabesh Kanel, Stiven Roytman, Chatkaew Pongmala, Miriam van Emde Boas, Nicolaas Ida Bohnen; J Mov Disord. 2025;18(4):337-346. Published online July 30, 2025; DOI: https://doi.org/10.14802/jmd.25109

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Abstract PDF: Objective
To investigate the cholinergic underpinnings of forward and retro-walking in patients with Parkinson’s disease (PwP) using [¹⁸F]fluoroethoxybenzovesamicol ([¹⁸F]FEOBV) positron emission tomography (PET), which binds to the vesicular acetylcholine transporter.
Methods
We retrospectively included 44 PwP who underwent [¹⁸F]FEOBV PET imaging and forward- and retro-walking gait assessments. Voxelwise correlation analyses were performed to examine associations between gait velocities and [¹⁸F]FEOBV binding, controlling for levodopa equivalent dose and disease duration. Linear regression and mediation analyses were used to investigate the contribution of postural instability and gait disorder symptoms—measured using MDS-UPDRS items and the Mini-Balance Evaluation Systems Test (MiniBESTest)—as well as cognitive performance (attention, memory, executive, language, and visuospatial domains) to the observed associations.
Results
Slower retro-walking velocity was associated with lower [¹⁸F]FEOBV uptake in a subcortical–frontal–temporal cluster, including the bilateral middle frontal cortex, anterior cingulate, insula, basal forebrain, and striatal regions. No significant associations were found for forward walking time. Linear regression analyses revealed that MiniBESTest total score, reactive postural control subscore, and attention domain score were associated with both cholinergic uptake in the identified cluster and retro-walking velocities. Mediation analyses revealed that attention and reactive postural control mediated the relationship between [¹⁸F]FEOBV binding and retro-walking performance.
Conclusion
Our findings indicate that retro-walking places greater demands on brain cholinergic synaptic integrity involving subcortical-frontal and temporal cortical regions, subserving balance—particularly reactive postural control—and attentional resources compared to forward walking. Our results suggest that retro-walking might serve as part of an intervention strategy to improve balance and cognition in PwP.

Connectivity-Based Analysis of the Stimulation Effects of Globus Pallidus Interna Deep Brain Stimulation in Parkinson’s Disease: A Focus on Freezing of Gait: Sungyang Jo, Moongwan Choi, Jihyun Lee, Sangjin Lee, Hwon Heo, Chong Hyun Suh, Woo Hyun Shim, Junhyung Kim, Sang Ryong Jeon, Hyunna Lee, Sun Ju Chung; J Mov Disord. 2025;18(4):327-336. Published online July 30, 2025; DOI: https://doi.org/10.14802/jmd.25005

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Abstract PDF Supplementary Material: Objective
Freezing of gait (FOG) significantly affects quality of life and increases the risk of falls in patients with Parkinson’s disease (PD). Although deep brain stimulation (DBS) of the globus pallidus interna (GPi) is effective in managing motor complications, its efficacy in treating FOG remains inconsistent. This study aimed to determine whether preoperative structural brain connectivity can predict both the presence of FOG and its postoperative improvement following GPi DBS.
Methods
We retrospectively analyzed 58 patients with PD who underwent GPi DBS. Preoperative diffusion tensor imaging was used to assess structural connectivity between the volume of activated tissue (VAT) and 82 cortical regions. Machine learning models were developed to predict baseline FOG and postoperative FOG improvement (defined as a ≥1- or ≥2-point reduction) using demographic and connectivity features.
Results
Machine learning models incorporating structural connectivity features between the VAT and cortical regions—including the prefrontal, cingulate, and premotor cortices—outperformed models based solely on demographic variables in predicting both the presence of preoperative FOG and postoperative improvement. For example, the support vector machine model to predict FOG improvement (≥1-point improvement) achieved an accuracy of 0.65 with demographic data alone, which increased to 0.77 with the addition of structural connectivity features. Similar performance enhancements were observed in sensitivity analyses using stricter FOG thresholds (≥2-point improvement).
Conclusion
Preoperative structural connectivity between the GPi and key cortical regions involved in cognitive control and motor planning predicts FOG responsiveness to DBS. These results highlight the utility of connectomic biomarkers for personalizing DBS strategies and optimizing therapeutic outcomes in patients with advanced PD.

Brief communication

Modified Ratio of Tremor/Postural Instability Gait Difficulty Score as an Indicator of Short-Term Outcomes of Subthalamic Nucleus Deep Brain Stimulation in Parkinson’s Disease: Chakradhar Reddy, Kanchana Pillai, Shejoy Joshua, Anup Nair, Harshad Chavotiya, Manas Chacko, Asha Kishore; J Mov Disord. 2025;18(2):165-169. Published online January 2, 2025; DOI: https://doi.org/10.14802/jmd.24175

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Abstract PDF Supplementary Material: Objective
The outcomes of motor and nonmotor features of Parkinson’s disease (PD) following deep brain stimulation (DBS) vary among its subtypes. We tested whether preoperative motor subtyping using the modified tremor/postural instability and gait difficulty ratio (T/P ratio) could indicate the short-term motor, nonmotor and quality of life (QOL) outcomes of subthalamic nucleus (STN) DBS.
Methods
In this prospective study, 39 consecutive STN DBS patients were assessed in the drug-OFF state before surgery and subtyped according to the T/P ratio. Patients were reassessed 6 months after surgery in the stimulation ON-drug-OFF state, and the percentage changes in motor, nonmotor and QOL scores (Parkinson’s Disease Quality of Life Questionnaire [PDQ-39]) were calculated.
Results
The modified T/P ratio was moderately and positively correlated with the percentage change in the Unified Parkinson’s Disease Rating Scale III score in the OFF state, the sum of cardinal motor signs, the Non-Motor Symptom Scale score, and QOL (PDQ-39).
Conclusion
Preoperative PD motor subtyping can be used as an indicator of the short-term outcomes of STN DBS in PD patients.

Original Article

Gait Instability and Compensatory Mechanisms in Parkinson’s Disease Patients With Camptocormia: An Exploratory Study: Hideyuki Urakami, Yasutaka Nikaido, Yuta Okuda, Yutaka Kikuchi, Ryuichi Saura, Yohei Okada; J Mov Disord. 2025;18(2):127-137. Published online December 27, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.14802/jmd.24226

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Abstract PDF Supplementary Material

Objective
Camptocormia contributes to vertical gait instability and, at times, may also lead to forward instability in experimental settings in Parkinson’s disease (PD) patients. However, these aspects, along with compensatory mechanisms, remain largely unexplored. This study comprehensively investigated gait instability and compensatory strategies in PD patients with camptocormia (PD+CC).
Methods
Ten PD+CC patients, 30 without camptocormia (PD-CC), and 27 healthy controls (HCs) participated. Self-paced gait tasks were analyzed using three-dimensional motion capture systems to assess gait stability as well as spatiotemporal and kinematic parameters. Unique cases with pronounced forward gait stability or instability were first identified, followed by group comparisons. Correlation analysis was performed to examine associations between trunk flexion angles (lower/upper) and gait parameters. The significance level was set at 0.05.
Results
Excluding one unique case, the PD+CC group presented a significantly lower vertical center of mass (COM) position (p=0.019) increased mediolateral COM velocity (p=0.004) and step width (p=0.013), compared to the PD-CC group. Both PD groups presented greater anterior‒posterior margins of stability than did the HCs (p<0.001). Significant correlations were found between lower/upper trunk flexion angles and a lower vertical COM position (r=-0.690/-0.332), as well as increased mediolateral COM velocity (r=0.374/0.446) and step width (r=0.580/0.474).
Conclusion
Most PD+CC patients presented vertical gait instability, increased fall risk, and adopted compensatory strategies involving greater lateral COM shift and a wider base of support, with these trends intensifying as trunk flexion angles increased. These findings may guide targeted interventions for gait instability in PD+CC patients.

Citations

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Immediate Effects of a Jewett Brace on Posture and Dynamic Balance in Parkinson’s Disease-Associated Camptocormia: A Case Report
Chisato Nakamoto, Kyota Bando, Yohei Mukai, Yuji Takahashi, Kazuhiko Seki, Takatoshi Hara
Cureus.2026;[Epub] CrossRef

Brief communication

Spatiotemporal Gait Parameters During Turning and Imbalance in Parkinson’s Disease: Video-Based Analysis From a Single Camera: HoYoung Jeon, Jung Hwan Shin, Ri Yu, Min Kyung Kang, Seungmin Lee, Seoyeon Kim, Bora Jin, Kyung Ah Woo, Han-Joon Kim, Beomseok Jeon; J Mov Disord. 2025;18(1):87-92. Published online December 23, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.14802/jmd.24210

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Objective
This study aims to objectively evaluate turning gait parameters in Parkinson’s disease (PD) patients using 2D-RGB video-based analysis and explore their relationships with imbalance.
Methods
We prospectively enrolled PD patients for clinical assessment, balance analysis and gait with 180º turning. Spatiotemporal gait parameters during turning were derived using video-based analysis and correlated with modified Hoehn and Yahr (mHY) stages and center of pressure (COP) oscillations.
Results
A total of 64 PD patients were enrolled. The PD patients with higher mHY stages (≥2.5) had significantly longer turning times, greater numbers of steps, wider step bases and less variability in step length during turns. COP oscillations were positively correlated with the mean turning time on both the anterior-posterior and right-left axes.
Conclusion
Spatiotemporal gait parameter during turning, derived from video-based gait analysis, may represent apromising biomarker for monitoring postural instability in PD patients.

Citations

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Uncovering the Kinematic Signature of Freezing of Gait in Parkinson’s Disease Through Wearable Inertial Sensors
Francesco Castelli Gattinara Di Zubiena, Alessandro Zampogna, Martina Patera, Giovanni Cusolito, Ludovica Apa, Ilaria Mileti, Antonio Cannuli, Antonio Suppa, Marco Paoloni, Zaccaria Del Prete, Eduardo Palermo
Sensors.2025; 25(16): 5054. CrossRef
Gait Patterns and Balance Impairment in Parkinson’s Disease With Correlation to Disease Severity
Danyeong Kim, Da-Eun Jeong, Hyunkyung Yi, Min Ju Kang
Dementia and Neurocognitive Disorders.2025; 24(4): 259. CrossRef
Clinical and neuroimaging correlates of disease related gait patterns in patients with multiple system atrophy cerebellar type
Seungmin Lee, Minchul Kim, Kyu Sung Choi, Chanhee Jeong, Ri Yu, Jee-Young Lee, Jung Hwan Shin, Han-Joon Kim, Beomseok Jeon
Scientific Reports.2025;[Epub] CrossRef

Original Articles

Eye Movement and Gait Variability Analysis in Chinese Patients With Huntington’s Disease: Shu-Xia Qian, Yu-Feng Bao, Xiao-Yan Li, Yi Dong, Zhi-Ying Wu; J Mov Disord. 2025;18(1):65-76. Published online December 9, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.14802/jmd.24151

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Abstract PDF Supplementary Material

Objective
Huntington’s disease (HD) is characterized by motor, cognitive, and neuropsychiatric symptoms. Oculomotor impairments and gait variability have been independently considered as potential markers in HD. However, an integrated analysis of eye movement and gait is lacking. We performed multiple examinations of eye movement and gait variability in HTT mutation carriers, analyzed the consistency between these parameters and clinical severity, and then examined the associations between oculomotor impairments and gait deficits.
Methods
We included 7 patients with pre-HD, 30 patients with HD and 30 age-matched controls. We collected demographic data and assessed the Unified Huntington’s Disease Rating Scale (UHDRS) score. Examinations, including saccades, smooth pursuit tests, and optokinetic (OPK) tests, were performed to evaluate eye movement function. The parameters of gait include stride length, walking velocity, step deviation, step length, and gait phase.
Results
HD patients have significant impairments in the latency and velocity of saccades, the gain of smooth pursuit, and the gain and slow phase velocities of OPK tests. Only the speed of saccades significantly differed between pre-HD patients and controls. There are significant impairments in stride length, walking velocity, step length, and gait phase in HD patients. The parameters of eye movement and gait variability in HD patients were consistent with the UHDRS scores. There were significant correlations between eye movement and gait parameters.
Conclusion
Our results show that eye movement and gait are impaired in HD patients and that the speed of saccades is impaired early in pre-HD. Eye movement and gait abnormalities in HD patients are significantly correlated with clinical disease severity.

Citations

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Transcranial magnetic stimulation-based neuroplasticity in the treatment of amblyopia
Yilong Lin, Kaifang Cai
Journal of Neuroscience Methods.2025; 419: 110464. CrossRef
Brain functional activity of Parkinson’s disease patients under a virtual reality eye movement task: a functional near-infrared spectroscopy study
Yanzhi Liu, Ziqian Shi, Lifeng Wang, Chuyan Yang, Xinyan Wang, Yongzhong Lin, Liping Qi
Frontiers in Human Neuroscience.2025;[Epub] CrossRef

Gait Parameters in Healthy Older Adults in Korea: Han-Kyeol Kim, Sung-Woo Kim, Jin Yong Hong, Min Seok Baek; J Mov Disord. 2025;18(1):55-64. Published online November 25, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.14802/jmd.24181

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Abstract PDF Supplementary Material

Objective
Gaits constitute the most fundamental and common form of human locomotion and are essential in daily activities. We aimed to investigate gait parameters in medically and cognitively healthy older adults to determine the independent effects of age, physical attributes, and cognition on these parameters.
Methods
This retrospective study enrolled healthy older adult participants aged 50 years or older with normal cognition and no neurological symptoms or medical/surgical history that could affect gait. Quantitative gait analysis was conducted via the GAITRite Electronic Walkway, which categorizes gait parameters into spatiotemporal, spatial, temporal, phase, and variability. Gait parameters were compared between sexes across different age groups. The independent effects of age, Mini-Mental State Examination score, and physical characteristics were analyzed via a multiple regression model.
Results
This study included 184 participants with an average age of 72.2 years. After adjusting for age, height, and footwear, only the base width and its variability differed between the sexes. Gait parameters varied significantly among different age groups, revealing multiple interparameter associations. Age was independently correlated with decreased velocity, step and stride lengths, single support time percentage and increased double support time, double support time percentage, and variability parameters, excluding the coefficient of variance of base width. Height was positively correlated with velocity, step and stride lengths, and base width, whereas leg length was negatively associated with cadence and positively associated with temporal parameters of gait.
Conclusion
Gait parameters in healthy older adults were not only associated with age and physical characteristics but also had interparameter correlations.

Citations

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Relationship between joint angles and gait parameters in healthy older adults aged 60 ~ 80 years
Zhisheng Zhang, Xinyi Deng, Huihui Wu, Yue Liu, Tieyi Yang
Frontiers in Public Health.2026;[Epub] CrossRef

Adjustability of Gait Speed in Clinics and Free-Living Environments for People With Parkinson’s Disease: Yuki Nishi, Shintaro Fujii, Koki Ikuno, Yuta Terasawa, Shu Morioka; J Mov Disord. 2024;17(4):416-424. Published online September 23, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.14802/jmd.24167

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Objective
Gait speed is regulated by varying gait parameters depending on the diverse contexts of the environment. People with Parkinson’s disease (PwPD) have difficulty adapting to gait control in their environment; however, the relationships between gait speed and spatiotemporal parameters in free-living environments have not been clarified. This study aimed to compare gait parameters according to gait speed in clinics and free-living environments.
Methods
PwPD were assessed at the clinic and in a free-living environment using an accelerometer on the lower back. By fitting a bimodal Gaussian model to the gait speed distribution, gait speed was divided into lower and higher speeds. We compared the spatiotemporal gait parameters using a 2 × 2 (environment [clinic/free-living] × speed [lower/higher]) repeated-measures analysis of variance. Associations between Parkinson’s disease symptoms and gait parameters were evaluated using Bayesian Pearson’s correlation coefficients.
Results
In the 41 PwPD included in this study, spatiotemporal gait parameters were significantly worse in free-living environments than in clinics and at lower speeds than at higher speeds. The fit of the walking speed distribution to the bimodal Gaussian model (adjustability of gait speed) in free-living environments was related to spatiotemporal gait parameters, severity of Parkinson’s disease, number of falls, and quality of life.
Conclusion
The findings suggest that gait control, which involves adjusting gait speed according to context, differs between clinics and free-living environments in PwPD. Gait assessments for PwPD in both clinical and free-living environments should interpret gait impairments in a complementary manner.

Citations

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Risk of Falls and Need of Walking Aid in Parkinson's Disease: Incidence and Impact of Comorbidities
Louise‐Laure Mariani, Benjamin Dano, Marion Houot, Graziella Mangone, Fernando Pico, Olivier Rascol, Ana Marques, Pascal Derkinderen, Marie Vidailhet, Alexis Brice, Jean‐Christophe Corvol
Movement Disorders Clinical Practice.2026;[Epub] CrossRef
Multimodal machine learning mobility assessment in Parkinson’s disease within supervised and unsupervised settings
Y. Celik, H. Kuduz, F. V. Engin, F. Kacar, E. Tarakci, L. T. Pearson-Noseworthy, J. Das, S. Stuart, W. L. Woo, A. Godfrey
Journal of NeuroEngineering and Rehabilitation.2026;[Epub] CrossRef
Gait Instability and Compensatory Mechanisms in Parkinson’s Disease Patients With Camptocormia: An Exploratory Study
Hideyuki Urakami, Yasutaka Nikaido, Yuta Okuda, Yutaka Kikuchi, Ryuichi Saura, Yohei Okada
Journal of Movement Disorders.2025; 18(2): 127. CrossRef
The Impact of Atrial Fibrillation on Physical Performance in Older Adults: A Longitudinal Study in Relation to Cognitive Function
Chiara Ceolin, Eleonora Mizzon, Marianna Noale, Adele Ravelli, Sabrina Pigozzo, Chiara Curreri, Bruno Micael Zanforlini, Enzo Manzato, Alessandra Coin, Maria Devita, Giuseppe Sergi, Marina De Rui
Journal of the American Medical Directors Association.2025; 26(9): 105764. CrossRef
A systematic review of real-world gait-related digital mobility outcomes in Parkinson’s disease
Cameron Kirk, Emma Packer, Ashley Polhemus, Mhairi K. MacLean, Harry Bailey, Felix Kluge, Heiko Gaßner, Lynn Rochester, Silvia Del Din, Alison J. Yarnall
npj Digital Medicine.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Body composition, bone mineral density, and functional impairment in axial spondyloarthritis: a 36-month longitudinal study
Chiara Ceolin, Sara Bindoli, Giacomo Cozzi, Benedetta di Marzio, Mariagrazia Lorenzin, Marina De Rui, Paolo Sfriso, Andrea Doria, Giuseppe Sergi, Roberta Ramonda
BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders.2025;[Epub] CrossRef

Spatiotemporal Gait Parameters in Adults With Premanifest and Manifest Huntington’s Disease: A Systematic Review: Sasha Browning, Stephanie Holland, Ian Wellwood, Belinda Bilney; J Mov Disord. 2023;16(3):307-320. Published online August 10, 2023; DOI: https://doi.org/10.14802/jmd.23111

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Objective
To systematically review and critically evaluate literature on spatiotemporal gait deviations in individuals with premanifest and manifest Huntington’s Disease (HD) in comparison with healthy cohorts.
Methods
We conducted a systematic review, guided by the Joanna Briggs Institute’s Manual for Evidence Synthesis and pre-registered with the International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews. Eight electronic databases were searched. Studies comparing spatiotemporal footstep parameters in adults with premanifest and manifest HD to healthy controls were screened, included and critically appraised by independent reviewers. Data on spatiotemporal gait changes and variability were extracted and synthesised. Meta-analysis was performed on gait speed, cadence, stride length and stride length variability measures.
Results
We screened 2,721 studies, identified 1,245 studies and included 25 studies (total 1,088 participants). Sample sizes ranged from 14 to 96. Overall, the quality of the studies was assessed as good, but reporting of confounding factors was often unclear. Meta-analysis found spatiotemporal gait deviations in participants with HD compared to healthy controls, commencing in the premanifest stage. Individuals with premanifest HD walk significantly slower (-0.17 m/s; 95% confidence interval [CI] [-0.22, -0.13]), with reduced cadence (-6.63 steps/min; 95% CI [-10.62, -2.65]) and stride length (-0.09 m; 95% CI [-0.13, -0.05]). Stride length variability was also increased in premanifest cohorts by 2.18% (95% CI [0.69, 3.68]), with these changes exacerbated in participants with manifest disease.
Conclusion
Findings suggest individuals with premanifest and manifest HD display significant spatiotemporal footstep deviations. Clinicians could monitor individuals in the premanifest stage of disease for gait changes to identify the onset of Huntington’s symptoms.

Citations

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Eye Movement and Gait Variability Analysis in Chinese Patients With Huntington’s Disease
Shu-Xia Qian, Yu-Feng Bao, Xiao-Yan Li, Yi Dong, Zhi-Ying Wu
Journal of Movement Disorders.2025; 18(1): 65. CrossRef
Decision tree for severity assessment of neurodegenerative diseases using possibility approach and gait dynamics
Preeti Khera, Ashok Kumar, Rajat Kapila
Scientific Reports.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
The Digital Frontier in Huntington's Disease: Opportunities for Clinical Trials
Lori Quinn, Matthew W. Roché, Jonas Dorn, Jamie L. Adams
Movement Disorders.2025; 40(10): 2067. CrossRef
Musical Distractions: Music-Based Rhythmic Auditory Stimulation Fails to Improve Gait in Huntington’s Disease
Sidney T. Baudendistel, Lauren E. Tueth, Allison M. Haussler, Gammon M. Earhart
Brain Sciences.2025; 15(8): 820. CrossRef
The association between gait speed and falls in ambulatory adults with spinal muscular atrophy: a retrospective pilot study
Kathryn Jira, Andrea Jaworek, Matti Allen, Songzhu Zhao, Kristina Kelly, W. David Arnold, Bakri Elsheikh
Frontiers in Neurology.2024;[Epub] CrossRef

Association of Depression With Early Occurrence of Postural Instability in Parkinson’s Disease: Yun Su Hwang, Sungyang Jo, Kye Won Park, Seung Hyun Lee, Sangjin Lee, Sun Ju Chung; J Mov Disord. 2023;16(1):68-78. Published online December 20, 2022; DOI: https://doi.org/10.14802/jmd.22091

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Abstract PDF Supplementary Material

Objective
Depression in Parkinson’s disease (PD) affects the quality of life of patients. Postural instability and gait disturbance are associated with the severity and prognosis of PD. We investigated the association of depression with axial involvement in early-stage PD patients.
Methods
This study involved 95 PD patients unexposed to antiparkinsonian drugs. After a baseline assessment for depression, the subjects were divided into a depressed PD group and a nondepressed PD group. Analyses were conducted to identify an association of depression at baseline with the following outcome variables: the progression to Hoehn and Yahr scale (H-Y) stage 3, the occurrence of freezing of gait (FOG), levodopa-induced dyskinesia, and wearing-off. The follow-up period was 53.40 ± 16.79 months from baseline.
Results
Kaplan–Meier survival curves for H-Y stage 3 and FOG showed more prominent progression to H-Y stage 3 and occurrences of FOG in the depressed PD group than in the nondepressed PD group (log-rank p = 0.025 and 0.003, respectively). Depression in drug-naïve, early-stage PD patients showed a significant association with the progression to H-Y stage 3 (hazard ratio = 2.55; 95% confidence interval = 1.32–4.93; p = 0.005), as analyzed by Cox regression analyses. In contrast, the occurrence of levodopa-induced dyskinesia and wearing-off did not differ between the two groups (log-rank p = 0.903 and 0.351, respectively).
Conclusion
Depression in drug-naïve, early-stage PD patients is associated with an earlier occurrence of postural instability. This suggests shared nondopaminergic pathogenic mechanisms and potentially enables the prediction of early development of postural instability.

Citations

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Efficacy and safety of adjunctive acupuncture for depression and motor symptoms in Parkinson’s disease: study protocol for a randomized controlled trial
Kaihao Liao, Jing-Qi Fan, Liangman Xiao, Danxia Gu, Mingda Han, Jingyu Nian, Shunan Wu, Li-Xing Zhuang
Frontiers in Psychiatry.2026;[Epub] CrossRef
Association of motor subtype and tremor type with Parkinson's disease progression: An exploratory longitudinal analysis
Yuke Zhong, Huahua Su, Ying Liu, Hang Liu, Guohui Liu, Zhihui Liu, Jiahao Wei, Junyi Wang, Yuchen She, Changhong Tan, Lijuan Mo, Lin Han, Fen Deng, Xi Liu, Lifen Chen
Journal of Parkinson’s Disease.2025; 15(1): 111. CrossRef
Current aspects of the relationship between depression and cognitive impairment in patients with Parkinson’s disease
M.R. Nodel
S.S. Korsakov Journal of Neurology and Psychiatry.2025; 125(10): 66. CrossRef
Noisy galvanic vestibular stimulation and static balance in parkinson’s disease: a multimodal resting‑state fMRI feasibility study
Yun Su Hwang, Jihwan Min, Yongseon Yoo, Jin-Ju Kang, Marianne Dieterich, Seung-Bae Hwang, Jong-Min Lee, Sun-Young Oh
Journal of NeuroEngineering and Rehabilitation.2025;[Epub] CrossRef

Association Between Gait and Dysautonomia in Patients With De Novo Parkinson’s Disease: Forward Gait Versus Backward Gait: Seon-Min Lee, Mina Lee, Eun Ji Lee, Rae On Kim, Yongduk Kim, Kyum-Yil Kwon; J Mov Disord. 2023;16(1):59-67. Published online September 7, 2022; DOI: https://doi.org/10.14802/jmd.22045

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Objective
Studies on gait and autonomic dysfunction have been insufficient so far, particularly de novo Parkinson’s disease (PD). The aim of this study was to identify the association between gait dynamics and autonomic dysfunction in patients with de novo PD.
Methods
A total 38 patients with de novo PD were retrospectively included in this study. Details of patients’ dysautonomia were assessed using the Scales for Outcomes in Parkinson’s Disease-Autonomic Dysfunction (SCOPA-AUT). For assessment of gait, a computerized gait analysis was performed using the GAITRite system for forward gait and backward gait. High SCOPA-AUT score (PD-HSAS) group and low SCOPA-AUT score (PD-LSAS) group were identified according to their SCOPA-AUT scores.
Results
Nineteen (50%) patients with high SCOPA-AUT scores above median value (12.5) were assigned into the PD-HSAS group and others were assigned to the PD-LSAS group. Compared with the PD-LSAS group, the PD-HSAS group exhibited slower gait, shorter stride, decreased cadence, increased double support phase, decreased swing phase, and increased variability in swing time. Total SCOPA-AUT score showed significantly positive correlations with gait variability and instability but a negative correlation with gait hypokinesia. In subdomain analysis, urinary dysautonomia was highly associated with impairment of gait dynamics. All significant results were found to be more remarkable in backward gait than in forward gait.
Conclusion
Our findings suggest that alteration in gait dynamics, especially backward gait, is highly associated with autonomic dysfunction in patients with de novo PD.

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Backward walking as a mobility assessment and exercise intervention for persons with neurologic disorders: A scoping review
Michael VanNostrand, Patrick G. Monaghan, Wendy Wu, Nora E. Fritz
Gait & Posture.2026; 124: 110048. CrossRef
Clinical Characteristics of Geriatric Patients With de novo Parkinson’s Disease Compared with the Non-Geriatric Population: Adapting to Changes in the Era of Aging
Kyum-Yil Kwon, Jihwan You, Rae On Kim
Revista de Neurología.2026;[Epub] CrossRef
Balance and gait disorders in de novo Parkinson’s disease: support for early rehabilitation
Beata Lindholm, Peter Hagell, Per Odin, Oskar Hansson, Arkadiusz Siennicki-Lantz, Sölve Elmståhl, Lars B. Dahlin, Erika Franzén
Journal of Neurology.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Impact of motor features on non‐motor symptoms in patients with de novo Parkinson's disease: Cognition, depression, anxiety, fatigue, and dysautonomia
Kyum‐Yil Kwon, Byung‐Euk Joo, Jihwan You, Rae On Kim
Geriatrics & Gerontology International.2025; 25(3): 392. CrossRef
Advances in autonomic dysfunction research in Parkinson’s disease
Hongjia Xu, Xiaolei Zheng, Xinyue Xing, Zhichao Bi, Dewei Wang, Cheng Zhang, Lifei Wei, Yulin Jin, Shunliang Xu
Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Exploring the relationship between orthostatic hypotension and gait in people with Parkinson’s disease
Tuhin Virmani, Rebecca D. Jones, Lakshmi Pillai
Clinical Autonomic Research.2025; 35(6): 817. CrossRef
Epidemiology of autonomic dysfunction in Parkinson's disease (Review)
Jamir Rissardo, Ahmed Gadelmawla, Ibrahim Khalil, Ayah Abdulgadir, Karandeep Bhatti, Ana Fornari Caprara
Medicine International.2025; 5(6): 1. CrossRef
Association between autonomic dysfunction with motor and non-motor symptoms in patients with Parkinson's disease
Yi Qin, De-Tao Meng, Zhao-Hui Jin, Wen-Jun Du, Bo-Yan Fang
Journal of Neural Transmission.2024; 131(4): 323. CrossRef
Determinants of Dual-task Gait Speed in Older Adults with and without Parkinson’s Disease
André Ivaniski-Mello, Vivian Torres Müller, Lucas de Liz Alves, Marcela Zimmermann Casal, Aline Nogueira Haas, Luca Correale, Ana Carolina Kanitz, Valéria Feijó Martins, Andréa Kruger Gonçalves, Flávia Gomes Martinez, Leonardo Alexandre Peyré-Tartaruga
International Journal of Sports Medicine.2023; 44(10): 744. CrossRef

Review Article

The Supplementary Motor Complex in Parkinson’s Disease: Shervin Rahimpour, Shashank Rajkumar, Mark Hallett; J Mov Disord. 2022;15(1):21-32. Published online November 25, 2021; DOI: https://doi.org/10.14802/jmd.21075

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Abstract PDF

Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by both motor and nonmotor symptoms. Although the basal ganglia is traditionally the primary brain region implicated in this disease process, this limited view ignores the roles of the cortex and cerebellum that are networked with the basal ganglia to support motor and cognitive functions. In particular, recent research has highlighted dysfunction in the supplementary motor complex (SMC) in patients with PD. Using the PubMed and Google Scholar search engines, we identified research articles using keywords pertaining to the involvement of the SMC in action sequencing impairments, temporal processing disturbances, and gait impairment in patients with PD. A review of abstracts and full-text articles was used to identify relevant articles. In this review of 63 articles, we focus on the role of the SMC in PD, highlighting anatomical and functional data to create new perspectives in understanding clinical symptoms and, potentially, new therapeutic targets. The SMC has a nuanced role in the pathophysiology of PD, with both hypo- and hyperactivation associated with various symptoms. Further studies using more standardized patient populations and functional tasks are needed to more clearly elucidate the role of this region in the pathophysiology and treatment of PD.

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Brief communication

Dance Intervention Using the Feldenkrais Method Improves Motor, and Non-Motor Symptoms and Gait in Parkinson’s Disease: A 12-Month Study: Sung Hoon Kang, Jinhee Kim, Ilsoo Kim, Young Ae Moon, Sojung Park, Seong-Beom Koh; J Mov Disord. 2022;15(1):53-57. Published online November 3, 2021; DOI: https://doi.org/10.14802/jmd.21086

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Objective
The aim of this study was to assess the effects of dancing (using the Feldenkrais method) on motor and non-motor symptoms, quality of life (QoL), and objective parameters of gait at the time of intervention and at the end of the 1-year study period.
Methods
This was a single-arm study in which 12 subjects with Parkinson’s disease (PD) received dance intervention during a 6-month period. Objective motor scales, gait analysis, and questionnaires on non-motor symptoms were evaluated at baseline and at 3, 6, and 12 months.
Results
Dance intervention decreased motor scale (Unified Parkinson’s Disease Rating Scale and Tinetti scale) scores and improved gait disturbance (gait velocity and step length) without increasing levodopa equivalent dose. Furthermore, dancing decreased non-motor scale (Non-Motor Symptoms Scale and Montgomery-Asberg Depression Rating Scale) scores and improved QoL.
Conclusion
Our findings suggest that dance intervention can be a complementary management method for PD patients.

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Case Report

Focused Vibrotactile Stimulation with Cueing Effect on Freezing of Gait in Parkinson’s Disease: Two Case Reports: Xiu Sheng Tan, Floyd Pierres, Alex Dallman-Porter, William Hardie-Brown, Kyum-Yil Kwon; J Mov Disord. 2021;14(3):236-238. Published online September 8, 2021; DOI: https://doi.org/10.14802/jmd.21076

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Freezing of gait (FOG) is a common occurrence in patients with Parkinson’s disease (PD) that leads to significant limitations in mobility and increases risk of falls. Focused vibrotactile stimulation and cueing are two methods used to alleviate motor symptoms, including FOG, in patients with PD. While effective on their own, the effect of combining both focused vibrotactile stimulation and cueing has yet to be investigated. Two patients, both with a history of PD, suffered from frequent FOG episodes that failed to respond adequately to medication. A novel vibrotactile stimulation device that delivered rhythmic kinesthetic stimuli onto the sternum successfully reduced FOG episodes in both patients and drastically improved their mobility as measured by the Timed Up and Go test. We found that a combination of focused vibrotactile stimulation and cueing was effective in reducing FOG episodes in two patients with PD. Further well-designed prospective studies are needed to confirm our observations.

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Identification of anatomical locations: its relevance for vibrotactile perception of individuals with Parkinson's disease
Ankita Raghuvanshi, Priya Pallavi, Rahul Chhatlani, Jayesh Parmar, Manish Rana, Sagar Betai, Uttama Lahiri
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Viktoria Azoidou, Kira Rowsell, Ellen Camboe, Kamalesh C. Dey, Alexandra Zirra, Corrine Quah, Thomas Boyle, David Gallagher, Alastair J. Noyce, Cristina Simonet
Parkinsonism & Related Disorders.2025; 133: 107349. CrossRef
Non-invasive device to alleviate symptoms in people living with Parkinson’s: study protocol for a multicentre phase II double-blind randomised controlled trial
Viktoria Azoidou, Essa Bhadra, Kira Rowsell, Ellen Camboe, Kamalesh Dey, Alexandra Zirra, Corrine Quah, Caroline Budu, Thomas Boyle, David Gallagher, Alastair Noyce, Cristina Simonet
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Tommaso Di Libero, Elisa Langiano, Chiara Carissimo, Maria Ferrara, Pierluigi Diotaiuti, Angelo Rodio
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Original Article

The Four Square Step Test for Assessing Cognitively Demanding Dynamic Balance in Parkinson’s Disease Patients: Jinhee Kim, Ilsoo Kim, Ye Eun Kim, Seong-Beom Koh; J Mov Disord. 2021;14(3):208-213. Published online May 26, 2021; DOI: https://doi.org/10.14802/jmd.20146

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Objective
The Four Square Step Test (FSST) is a tool that assesses dynamic balance during obstacle step-over. To date, few studies have used the FSST to measure balance in patients with Parkinson’s disease (PD). This study aimed to verify that patients with PD, even at the de novo early stage, take more time to perform the FSST and identify which factors, cognitive status or cardinal motor symptoms, are related most to FSST scores.
Methods
Thirty-five newly diagnosed drug-naïve patients with PD and 17 controls completed the FSST. The Unified Parkinson’s Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS), Hoehn and Yahr (H&Y) stage, spatiotemporal gait parameters, and neuropsychological test battery were also assessed in the PD group.
Results
Mean FSST performance time was 8.20 ± 1.61 seconds in patients with PD, which was significantly more than the control group (7.13 ± 1.10 seconds, p = 0.018). UPDRS part III total score and H&Y stage were not significantly associated with FSST, but among the UPDRS subscores, only the postural instability/gait disturbance subscore showed a significant association. Regarding the association between FSST and cognition, the Trail Making Test-B and the Color Word Stroop Test showed strongly inverse correlations with FSST (rho = -0.598 and -0.590, respectively). With respect to gait parameters, double support time was significantly associated with FSST score (rho = 0.342, p = 0.044); however, other parameters, including velocity and step length, were not associated with the FSST.
Conclusion
The FSST can be used in the clinic to assess dynamic balance with cognitive demands even in the early stages of PD.

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Patrick Tait, Lisa Graham, Rodrigo Vitorio, Tamlyn Watermeyer, Emily C. Timm, Joan O’Keefe, Samuel Stuart, Rosie Morris
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Case Report

Myoclonus-Ataxia Syndrome Associated with COVID-19: Kuldeep Shetty, Atul Manchakrao Jadhav, Ranjith Jayanthakumar, Seema Jamwal, Tejaswini Shanubhogue, Mallepalli Prabhakar Reddy, Gopal Krishna Dash, Radhika Manohar, Vivek Jacob Philip, Vikram Huded; J Mov Disord. 2021;14(2):153-156. Published online April 6, 2021; DOI: https://doi.org/10.14802/jmd.20106

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Neurological manifestations of coronavirus disease (COVID-19) have increasingly been reported since the onset of the pandemic. Herein, we report a relatively new presentation. A patient in the convalescence period following a febrile illness with lower respiratory tract infection (fever, myalgia, nonproductive cough) presented with generalized disabling myoclonus, which is phenotypically suggestive of brainstem origin, along with additional truncal cerebellar ataxia. His neurology work-ups, such as brain MRI, electroencephalography, serum autoimmune and paraneoplastic antibody testing, were normal. His CT chest scan revealed right lower lung infiltrates, and serological and other laboratory testing did not show evidence of active infection. COVID-19 titers turned out to be strongly positive, suggestive of post-COVID-19 lung sequelae. He responded partially to antimyoclonic drugs and fully to a course of steroids, suggesting a para- or postinfectious immune-mediated pathophysiology. Myoclonusataxia syndrome appears to be a neurological manifestation of COVID-19 infection, and knowledge regarding this phenomenon should be increased among clinicians for better patient care in a pandemic situation.

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Original Articles

Long-term Effects of Bilateral Subthalamic Deep Brain Stimulation on Postural Instability and Gait Difficulty in Patients with Parkinson’s Disease: Hae-Won Shin, Mi Sun Kim, Sung Reul Kim, Sang Ryong Jeon, Sun Ju Chung; J Mov Disord. 2020;13(2):127-132. Published online May 29, 2020; DOI: https://doi.org/10.14802/jmd.19081

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Abstract PDF

Objective
The long-term effects of bilateral subthalamic nucleus deep brain stimulation (STN-DBS) on postural instability and gait difficulty (PIGD) in patients with Parkinson’s disease (PD) remain unclear. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the longterm effects of STN-DBS surgery on PIGD symptoms in patients with advanced-stage PD. Methods This study included 49 consecutively included patients with PD who underwent bilateral STN-DBS. The Unified Parkinson’s Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS) scores and subscores for PIGD were assessed at baseline and at 1, 3, and 5 years postoperatively. The PIGD subscore was divided into PIGD-motor and PIGD-activities of daily living (ADL) scores according to parts III and II of the UPDRS, respectively. Results The PIGD-motor and PIGD-ADL scores at the “medication-off” state improved at 3 and 5 years, respectively. Overall, the UPDRS III and II scores at “medication-off” improved at 5 years. The UPDRS IV score also significantly improved and the levodopa equivalent daily dosage decreased at all follow-ups. Finally, the PIGD-motor score at baseline was able to predict long-term improvement in the PIGD-motor score at the 5-year follow-up. Conclusion The STN-DBS has both short- and long-term effects on PIGD, as well as overall motor function, in patients with advanced PD. The degree of PIGD at the preoperative evaluation can be used to predict long-term outcomes after STN-DBS surgery.

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Heterogeneous Patterns of Striatal Dopamine Loss in Patients with Young- versus Old-Onset Parkinson’s Disease: Impact on Clinical Features: Seok Jong Chung, Han Soo Yoo, Yang Hyun Lee, Phil Hyu Lee, Young H. Sohn; J Mov Disord. 2019;12(2):113-119. Published online May 30, 2019; DOI: https://doi.org/10.14802/jmd.18064

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Abstract PDF Supplementary Material

Objective
Ample evidence has suggested that age at onset of Parkinson’s disease (PD) is associated with heterogeneous clinical features in individuals. We hypothesized that this may be attributed to different patterns of nigrostriatal dopamine loss.
Methods
A total of 205 consecutive patients with de novo PD who underwent 18F-FP-CIT PET scans (mean follow-up duration, 6.31 years) were divided into three tertile groups according to their age at onset of parkinsonian motor symptoms. Striatal dopamine transporter (DAT) availability was compared between the old- (n = 73) and young-onset (n = 66) groups. In addition, the risk of developing freezing of gait (FOG) and longitudinal requirements for dopaminergic medications were examined.
Results
The old-onset PD group (mean age at onset, 72.66 years) exhibited more severe parkinsonian motor signs than the young-onset group (52.58 years), despite comparable DAT availability in the posterior putamen; moreover, the old-onset group exhibited more severely decreased DAT availability in the caudate than the young-onset group. A Cox regression model revealed that the old-onset PD group had a higher risk for developing FOG than the young-onset group [hazard ratio 2.523, 95% confidence interval (1.239–5.140)]. The old-onset group required higher doses of dopaminergic medications for symptom control than the young-onset group over time.
Conclusion
The present study demonstrated that the old-onset PD group exhibited more severe dopamine loss in the caudate and were more likely to develop gait freezing, suggesting that age at onset may be one of the major determinants of the pattern of striatal dopamine depletion and progression of gait disturbance in PD.

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Review Article

The Relationship between Saccades and Locomotion: Anshul Srivastava, Omar F. Ahmad, Christopher Pham Pacia, Mark Hallett, Codrin Lungu; J Mov Disord. 2018;11(3):93-106. Published online August 9, 2018; DOI: https://doi.org/10.14802/jmd.18018

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Abstract PDF Supplementary Material

Human locomotion involves a complex interplay among multiple brain regions and depends on constant feedback from the visual system. We summarize here the current understanding of the relationship among fixations, saccades, and gait as observed in studies sampling eye movements during locomotion, through a review of the literature and a synthesis of the relevant knowledge on the topic. A significant overlap in locomotor and saccadic neural circuitry exists that may support this relationship. Several animal studies have identified potential integration nodes between these overlapping circuitries. Behavioral studies that explored the relationship of saccadic and gait-related impairments in normal conditions and in various disease states are also discussed. Eye movements and locomotion share many underlying neural circuits, and further studies can leverage this interplay for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes.

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Original Articles

Validity and Reliability Study of the Korean Tinetti Mobility Test for Parkinson’s Disease: Jinse Park, Seong-Beom Koh, Hee Jin Kim, Eungseok Oh, Joong-Seok Kim, Ji Young Yun, Do-Young Kwon, Younsoo Kim, Ji Seon Kim, Kyum-Yil Kwon, Jeong-Ho Park, Jinyoung Youn, Wooyoung Jang; J Mov Disord. 2018;11(1):24-29. Published online January 23, 2018; DOI: https://doi.org/10.14802/jmd.17058

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Abstract PDF Supplementary Material

Objective
Postural instability and gait disturbance are the cardinal symptoms associated with falling among patients with Parkinson’s disease (PD). The Tinetti mobility test (TMT) is a well-established measurement tool used to predict falls among elderly people. However, the TMT has not been established or widely used among PD patients in Korea. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the reliability and validity of the Korean version of the TMT for PD patients.
Methods
Twenty-four patients diagnosed with PD were enrolled in this study. For the interrater reliability test, thirteen clinicians scored the TMT after watching a video clip. We also used the test-retest method to determine intrarater reliability. For concurrent validation, the unified Parkinson’s disease rating scale, Hoehn and Yahr staging, Berg Balance Scale, Timed-Up and Go test, 10-m walk test, and gait analysis by three-dimensional motion capture were also used. We analyzed receiver operating characteristic curve to predict falling.
Results
The interrater reliability and intrarater reliability of the Korean Tinetti balance scale were 0.97 and 0.98, respectively. The interrater reliability and intra-rater reliability of the Korean Tinetti gait scale were 0.94 and 0.96, respectively. The Korean TMT scores were significantly correlated with the other clinical scales and three-dimensional motion capture. The cutoff values for predicting falling were 14 points (balance subscale) and 10 points (gait subscale).
Conclusion
We found that the Korean version of the TMT showed excellent validity and reliability for gait and balance and had high sensitivity and specificity for predicting falls among patients with PD.

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Quantitative Gait Analysis in Patients with Huntington’s Disease: Seon Jong Pyo, Hanjun Kim, Il Soo Kim, Young-Min Park, Mi-Jung Kim, Hye Mi Lee, Seong-Beom Koh; J Mov Disord. 2017;10(3):140-144. Published online August 31, 2017; DOI: https://doi.org/10.14802/jmd.17041

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Abstract PDF

Objective
Gait disturbance is the main factor contributing to a negative impact on quality of life in patients with Huntington’s disease (HD). Understanding gait features in patients with HD is essential for planning a successful gait strategy. The aim of this study was to investigate temporospatial gait parameters in patients with HD compared with healthy controls.
Methods
We investigated 7 patients with HD. Diagnosis was confirmed by genetic analysis, and patients were evaluated with the Unified Huntington’s Disease Rating Scale (UHDRS). Gait features were assessed with a gait analyzer. We compared the results of patients with HD to those of 7 age- and sex-matched normal controls.
Results
Step length and stride length were decreased and base of support was increased in the HD group compared to the control group. In addition, coefficients of variability for step and stride length were increased in the HD group. The HD group showed slower walking velocity, an increased stance/swing phase in the gait cycle and a decreased proportion of single support time compared to the control group. Cadence did not differ significantly between groups. Among the UHDRS subscores, total motor score and total behavior score were positively correlated with step length, and total behavior score was positively correlated with walking velocity in patients with HD.
Conclusion
Increased variability in step and stride length, slower walking velocity, increased stance phase, and decreased swing phase and single support time with preserved cadence suggest that HD gait patterns are slow, ataxic and ineffective. This study suggests that quantitative gait analysis is needed to assess gait problems in HD.

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Case Report

Treatment of Gait Ignition Failure with Ropinirole: Alexis N. Cohen-Oram, Jonathan T. Stewart, Kim Bero, Michael W. Hoffmann; J Mov Disord. 2014;7(2):95-98. Published online October 30, 2014; DOI: https://doi.org/10.14802/jmd.14014

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Abstract PDF

Gait ignition failure (GIF) is a syndrome characterized by hesitation or inability to initiate gait from a static position. It may occur in a variety of conditions, including normal pressure hydrocephalus, subcortical vascular disease, parkinsonian syndromes and a variety of focal lesions. Previous information on the treatment of GIF has been primarily anecdotal, but there have been a few reports of response to dopamine agonists. We report a 63-year-old man with anoxic encephalopathy who developed GIF nine years after the initial anoxic insult. The patient’s GIF responded robustly, albeit transiently, to ropinirole. MRI was unrevealing, but a positron emission tomography scan showed hypometabolism in the deep frontal ACA/MCA watershed area; this may have disconnected the basal ganglia from the motor cortex and/or interrupted dopaminergic mesocortical transmission. Our understanding of the pathophysiology and the treatment of GIF remains limited, but there may be at least a limited therapeutic role for dopamine agonists.

Citations

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HoChung Jang, Jung Hwa Ryu, Kyung Min Shin, Na-young Seo, Gyu Hyun Kim, Yang Hoon Huh, Ae Nim Pae, Kea Joo Lee
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Original Articles

Psychogenic Gait Disorders after Mass School Vaccination of Influenza A: Jung Ho Ryu, Jong Sam Baik; J Mov Disord. 2010;3(1):15-17.; DOI: https://doi.org/10.14802/jmd.10004

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Abstract PDF

Background and Purpose

Psychogenic movement disorders (PMD) after war or mass vaccination was reported and well known disease entity already. However, we have seldom been met those patients because we don’t have any chance to experience of those events. Recently, influenza A (H1N1) spreads around world, and many countries have a program of mass vaccination of H1N1. Although PMD in adult is well characterized, childhood-onset PMD has not been extensively studied.

Case Reports

We present four children of psychogenic gait disorders (PGDs) after mass school vaccination of H1N1. They had fluctuating weakness and their prognosis was good. We confirmed all patients as PGD by placebo.

Conclusions

Our four cases have two common characteristics. One is that all were young and their prognosis was good. And the other is that all were induced their abnormal gait symptoms after mass school vaccination. We observed that mass PMD has a different characteristics comparing to personal PMD, and PMD in children is differ from adult onset PMD.

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Gait Analysis in Patients With Parkinson’s Disease: Relationship to Clinical Features and Freezing: Seong-Beom Koh, Kun-Woo Park, Dae-Hie Lee, Se Ju Kim, Joon-Shik Yoon; J Mov Disord. 2008;1(2):59-64.; DOI: https://doi.org/10.14802/jmd.08011

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482 Download
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Abstract PDF

Background:

The purpose of our study was to investigate gait dynamics and kinematics in patients with Parkinson’s disease (PD) and to correlate these features with the predominant clinical features and with the presence of the freezing of gait (FOG). We measured the temporospatial and kinematic parameters of gait in 30 patients with PD (M:F=12:18, age=68.43±7.54) using a computerized video motion analysis system.

Methods:

We divided the subjects into subgroups: (1) tremor-dominant (TD) group and postural instability and gait disturbance (PIGD) group and (2) FOG group and non-FOG group. We compared the gait parameters between the subgroups.

Results:

The walking velocity and stride length were reduced significantly in the PIGD group compared to the TD group. The PIGD group showed a significantly reduced range of motion in the pelvic and lower extremity joints by kinematics. Stride time variability was significantly increased and the pelvic oblique range was significantly reduced in the freezing gait disorder group.

Conclusion:

Our findings suggest that there are differences in the perturbation of the basal ganglia-cortical circuits based on major clinical features. The reduction of the pelvic oblique range of motion may be a compensatory mechanism for postural instability and contributes to stride time variability in patients with FOG.

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