Journal of Movement Disorders

Original Articles

Comparative Olfactory Profiles in Parkinson’s Disease and Drug-Induced Parkinsonism: In Hee Kwak, Young Eun Kim, Suk Yun Kang, Joong Seob Lee, Jeongjae Lee, Min Seung Kim, Dong A Yea, Hyeo-il Ma; J Mov Disord. 2024;17(1):64-70. Published online October 6, 2023; DOI: https://doi.org/10.14802/jmd.23105

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Objective
Drug-induced parkinsonism (DIP) is a frequently encountered diagnostic possibility when considering Parkinson’s disease (PD). While olfactory dysfunction is a common clinical feature in PD, the comparison of olfactory function between the two conditions remains insufficient. This study aimed to compare olfactory function, including threshold, discrimination, and identification (TDI) profiles, between PD and DIP.
Methods
Consecutive patients with drug-naïve PD (n = 78) or DIP (n = 31) confirmed through dopamine transporter imaging were enrolled in this study. The YSK olfactory function (YOF) test, composed of TDI domains culturally familiar odorants to Koreans, was administered to all patients.
Results
In the study population, patients with DIP were significantly older than patients with PD. Over 70% of patients in each group had hyposmia or anosmia, and there was no significant difference in the occurrence of olfactory dysfunction between the two groups. In addition, there were no differences in the total YOF score and threshold score between the two groups. Meanwhile, the PD group had a significantly lower discrimination and identification score than the DIP group after adjusting for age, sex, the existence of diabetes, disease duration, and cognitive function.
Conclusion
This study demonstrated that detailed olfactory profiles are different in PD and DIP, even though olfactory dysfunction can be observed in both conditions.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by

Olfactory dysfunction as potential biomarker in neurodegenerative diseases: a narrative review
Nicolas De Cleene, Katarína Schwarzová, Samuel Labrecque, Clancy Cerejo, Atbin Djamshidian, Klaus Seppi, Beatrice Heim
Frontiers in Neuroscience.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Alpha-synuclein pathology and Parkinson’s disease-related olfactory dysfunctions: an update on preclinical models and therapeutic approaches
Jancy Nixon Abraham, Devesh Rawat, Priyadharshini Srikanth, Lisni P. Sunny, Nixon M. Abraham
Mammalian Genome.2025; 36(2): 444. CrossRef
Prevalence and clinical impact of alpha-synuclein pathology in idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus: Insights from RT-QuIC assay
Je kook Yu, Hye Joung Choi, Dongwoo Kim, Pham Hong Ngoc, In Hee Kwak, Huu Dat Nguyen, Trung Nguyen Thanh, Suk Jun Song, Jeongjae Lee, Hyeo-il Ma, Young Eun Kim
Parkinsonism & Related Disorders.2025; 136: 107857. CrossRef
Case Report: Practical approach to differentiating juvenile parkinsonism of genetic cause and drug-induced parkinsonism in adolescents: a case series and literature review
Ioana Grigore, Lăcrămioara Ionela Butnariu, Thomas Gabriel Schreiner, Vasile Valeriu Lupu, Ancuta Lupu, Ludmila Darie, Cătălin Prăzaru, Elena Țarcă, Setalia Popa, Ecaterina Grigore
Frontiers in Genetics.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Peripheral inflammatory markers and clinical phenotypes reflecting the impact of diabetes on Parkinson's disease
In Hee Kwak, Hyeo-il Ma, Yun Joong Kim, Hye-Mi Noh, Jeongjae Lee, Je Kook Yu, Young Eun Kim
Journal of Parkinson’s Disease.2025; 15(8): 1431. CrossRef

Clinical Features Indicating Nigrostriatal Dopaminergic Degeneration in Drug-Induced Parkinsonism: Seung Ha Lee, Han Kyeol Kim, Young Gun Lee, Chul Hyoung Lyoo, Sung Jun Ahn, Myung Sik Lee; J Mov Disord. 2017;10(1):35-39. Published online December 27, 2016; DOI: https://doi.org/10.14802/jmd.16045

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Abstract PDF Supplementary Material

Objective
Patients with drug-induced parkinsonism (DIP) may have nigrostriatal dopaminergic degeneration. We studied the clinical features that may indicate nigrostriatal dopaminergic degeneration in patients with DIP.
Methods
Forty-one DIP patients were classified into normal and abnormal [¹⁸F] FP-CIT scan groups. Differences in 32 clinical features and drug withdrawal effects were studied.
Results
Twenty-eight patients had normal (Group I) and 13 patients had abnormal (Group II) scans. Eight patients of Group I, but none of Group II, had taken calcium channel blockers (p = 0.040). Three patients of Group I and six of Group II had hyposmia (p = 0.018). After drug withdrawal, Group I showed greater improvement in Unified Parkinson’s Disease Rating Scale total motor scores and subscores for bradykinesia and tremors than Group II. Only hyposmia was an independent factor associated with abnormal scans, but it had suboptimal sensitivity.
Conclusion
None of the clinical features were practical indicators of nigrostriatal dopaminergic degeneration in patients with DIP.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by

Comparative Olfactory Profiles in Parkinson’s Disease and Drug-Induced Parkinsonism
In Hee Kwak, Young Eun Kim, Suk Yun Kang, Joong Seob Lee, Jeongjae Lee, Min Seung Kim, Dong A Yea, Hyeo-il Ma
Journal of Movement Disorders.2024; 17(1): 64. CrossRef
Retinal Thickness and Its Interocular Asymmetry Between Parkinson’s Disease and Drug-Induced Parkinsonism
Wool Suh, Sung Uk Baek, Jungsu S. Oh, Seung Yeon Seo, Jae Seung Kim, You Mie Han, Min Seung Kim, Suk Yun Kang
Journal of Korean Medical Science.2023;[Epub] CrossRef
Gait abnormalities and non-motor symptoms predict abnormal dopaminergic imaging in presumed drug-induced Parkinsonism
Whitley W. Aamodt, Jacob G. Dubroff, Gang Cheng, Betty Taylor, Stephanie Wood, John E. Duda, James F. Morley
npj Parkinson's Disease.2022;[Epub] CrossRef
Acute dopamine receptor blockade in substantia nigra pars reticulata: a possible model for drug-induced Parkinsonism
Verónica Alejandra Cáceres-Chávez, Ricardo Hernández-Martínez, Jesús Pérez-Ortega, Marco Arieli Herrera-Valdez, Jose J. Aceves, Elvira Galarraga, José Bargas
Journal of Neurophysiology.2018; 120(6): 2922. CrossRef
Neuroimaging in Parkinson's disease: focus on substantia nigra and nigro-striatal projection
Daniela Frosini, Mirco Cosottini, Duccio Volterrani, Roberto Ceravolo
Current Opinion in Neurology.2017; 30(4): 416. CrossRef

Anticholinergic Agents Can Induce Oromandibular Dyskinesia: Hee-Young Shin, Won Tae Yoon, Won Yong Lee; J Mov Disord. 2009;2(2):69-71.; DOI: https://doi.org/10.14802/jmd.09018

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Abstract PDF

Background and Purpose:

Oromandibular dyskinesia (OMD) can occur spontaneously or they can be induced by the conventional dopamine receptor antagonists. Anticholinergic medications have rarely been reported to cause OMD in parkinsonian or non-parkinsonian patients.

Methods:

We analyzed the clinical features of two parkinsonian and one non-parkinsonian patients who experienced OMD after anticholinergic medication.

Results:

Each patient of our cases developed oromandibular symptoms in the temporal regions that were related to the addition of anticholinergic agents, and the symptoms were relieved following the discontinuation of the causative anticholinergic drugs. In one of our case, levodopa alone did not cause dyskinesia but augmented dyskinesia associated with anticholinergics.

Conclusions:

Here we report two parkinsonian and one non-parkinsonian patients with OMD induced by the use of anticholinergic agents. In our cases, we could not find any other precipitating or actual secondary causes for the OMD symptoms in our patients. Furthermore, the fact that the OMD in our cases were ameliorated with cessation of anticholinergics suggests that it may be anticholinergic-induced.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by

Methylphenidate and Modafinil Mitigate Scopolamine-Induced Behavioral Alterations
Nausheen Alam, Safia Abdul Quddoos, Humera Khatoon, Tuba Siddiqui, Sadia Suri Kashif
ACS Pharmacology & Translational Science.2025; 8(7): 1934. CrossRef
The Spectrum of Abnormal Tongue Movements: Review of Phenomenology, Etiology, and Differential Diagnosis
Nathaniel Bendahan, Seyed‐Mohammad Fereshtehnejad, Christos Ganos, Emily Swinkin, Anthony E. Lang
Movement Disorders Clinical Practice.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Factors associated with anticholinergic-induced oral-buccal-lingual dyskinesia in Parkinson’s disease
Joonyoung Ha, Suk Yun Kang, Kyoungwon Baik, Young H. Sohn, Phil Hyu Lee, Min Seok Baek, Jin Yong Hong
Journal of Movement Disorders.2024; 17(1): 109. CrossRef
Impact of anticholinergic drugs withdrawal on motor function in patients with Parkinson’s disease
Yasaman Saeedi, Maryam Ghadimi, Mohammad Rohani, Maziar Emamikhah, Gholamali Shahidi, Mehdi Moghaddasi, Seyed Amir Hassan Habibi
Clinical Neurology and Neurosurgery.2021; 202: 106480. CrossRef
Treatment of Tardive Dyskinesia: A General Overview with Focus on the Vesicular Monoamine Transporter 2 Inhibitors
Nicki Niemann, Joseph Jankovic
Drugs.2018; 78(5): 525. CrossRef

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