Journal of Movement Disorders

Original Articles

Association between Olfactory Deficit and Motor and Cognitive Function in Parkinson’s Disease: Han Soo Yoo, Seok Jong Chung, Yang Hyun Lee, Byoung Seok Ye, Young H. Sohn, Phil Hyu Lee; J Mov Disord. 2020;13(2):133-141. Published online April 6, 2020; DOI: https://doi.org/10.14802/jmd.19082

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Objective
To investigate whether baseline olfactory dysfunction in Parkinson’s disease (PD) patients is associated with baseline and longitudinal motor and cognitive function.
Methods
We recruited 228 drug-naïve PD patients who were followed for a mean of 6 years. Patients underwent the Cross-Cultural Smell Identification Test (CCSIT), a neuropsychological test, and N-(3-[18F]fluoropropyl)-2β-carbomethoxy-3β-(4-iodophenyl) nortropane positron emission tomography within 6 months of the baseline evaluation. Olfactory dysfunction was categorized as normosmia (CCSIT score ≥ 9), hyposmia (CCSIT score 5–8), and anosmia (CCSIT score ≤ 4). During the follow-up period, we investigated changes in the levodopa-equivalent dose (LED) and the occurrence of wearing-off, levodopa-induced dyskinesia, and dementia.
Results
Among the PD patients, 80.7% were hyposmic at the time of diagnosis, and 26.1% were anosmic. Baseline olfactory dysfunction was not associated with either initial parkinsonian motor symptoms or with the longitudinal LED increment and motor complications. Meanwhile, the anosmic group had lower baseline scores on the Korea version of the Boston Naming Test and Stroop color reading test than the normosmic and hyposmic groups. The anosmic group exhibited a higher rate of conversion to dementia than the normosmic [adjusted hazard ratio (HR) 3.99, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.08–14.72] and hyposmic (adjusted HR 2.48, 95% CI 1.15–5.32) PD groups, regardless of baseline motor deficits and cognitive status.
Conclusion
Baseline olfactory dysfunction was not associated with motor deficits and complications, but it was associated with cognitive dysfunction and prognosis, suggesting that severe olfactory impairment may reflect early cortical involvement, probably in the frontotemporal region, and rapid spreading of Lewy body pathology.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by

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Min Seung Kim, Don Gueu Park, In Ja Shin, Young Sil An, Jung Han Yoon
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Olfactory dysfunction as potential biomarker in neurodegenerative diseases: a narrative review
Nicolas De Cleene, Katarína Schwarzová, Samuel Labrecque, Clancy Cerejo, Atbin Djamshidian, Klaus Seppi, Beatrice Heim
Frontiers in Neuroscience.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Clinical Predictors of Freezing of Gait in Patients with Parkinson's Disease: A Systematic Review
Sohaila Alshimemeri, Abdulrahman alhayssoni, Reema Hazazi
Clinical Neurology and Neurosurgery.2025; : 108848. CrossRef
Microstructural patterns in substantia nigra subregions are associated with depression and olfactory impairments in Parkinson’s disease
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Clinical Neurology and Neurosurgery.2025; 251: 108817. CrossRef
Correlation of olfactory function factors with cardiac sympathetic denervation in Parkinson’s disease
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Journal of Neurology.2024; 271(3): 1397. CrossRef
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Sang-Won Yoo, Dong-Woo Ryu, Yoon-Sang Oh, Seunggyun Ha, Chul Hyoung Lyoo, Yuna Kim, Ji-Yeon Yoo, Joong-Seok Kim
Journal of Neurology.2024; 271(4): 2019. CrossRef
Parkinson’s disease with hyposmia and dysautonomia: does it represent a distinct subtype?
So Hoon Yoon, Dae Hyuk You, Han Kyu Na, Sungwoo Kang, Kyoungwon Baik, Mincheol Park, Chul Hyoung Lyoo, Young H. Sohn, Phil Hyu Lee
Journal of Neurology.2024; 271(8): 5064. CrossRef
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Samira Hajimaghsoodi, Elham Paydar, Fatemeh Owlia
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Olfactory Dysfunction in Parkinson’s Disease, Its Functional and Neuroanatomical Correlates
Gabriel Torres-Pasillas, Donají Chi-Castañeda, Porfirio Carrillo-Castilla, Gerardo Marín, María Elena Hernández-Aguilar, Gonzalo Emiliano Aranda-Abreu, Jorge Manzo, Luis I. García
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Impact of deep brain stimulation (DBS) on olfaction in Parkinson's disease: Clinical features and functional hypotheses
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Revue Neurologique.2023; 179(9): 947. CrossRef
Sequential change in olfaction and (non) motor symptoms: the difference between anosmia and non-anosmia in Parkinson’s disease
Ting-Chun Fang, Yu-Shan Tsai, Ming-Hong Chang
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Traumatic brain injury-induced inflammatory changes in the olfactory bulb disrupt neuronal networks leading to olfactory dysfunction
Xiang Liu, Zhuofan Lei, Dylan Gilhooly, Junyun He, Yun Li, Rodney M. Ritzel, Hui Li, Long-Jun Wu, Shaolin Liu, Junfang Wu
Brain, Behavior, and Immunity.2023; 114: 22. CrossRef
Serum Biomarkers of Olfactory Identification Deficits in Patients with Parkinson’s Disease
Fu-Jia Li, Yang-Dan-Yu Li, Xu Liu, Jie Zu, Wei Zhang, Qi-Hua Xiao, Xue-Bin Niu, Li Du, Chen-Chen Cui, Ru-Yu Zhang, Xiao-Qing He, Gui-Yun Cui, Chuan-Ying Xu, Dominic B. Fee
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Yu-Hsuan Lin, Ting-Chun Fang, Hsin-Bei Lei, Shih-Chi Chiu, Ming-Hong Chang, Yi-Jen Guo
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Olfactory dysfunction is associated with motor function only in tremor-dominant Parkinson’s disease
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Alzheimer's Research & Therapy.2022;[Epub] CrossRef
The Role of Olfactory System in the Etiogenesis of Parkinson’s Diseases: An Overview
Jiju Narayanan Avanipully, Dithu Thekkekkara, Sahyadri M, Vipan K. Parihar, Santhepete Nanjundaiah Manjula
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International consensus statement on allergy and rhinology: Olfaction
Zara M. Patel, Eric H. Holbrook, Justin H. Turner, Nithin D. Adappa, Mark W. Albers, Aytug Altundag, Simone Appenzeller, Richard M. Costanzo, Ilona Croy, Greg E. Davis, Puya Dehgani‐Mobaraki, Richard L. Doty, Valerie B. Duffy, Bradley J. Goldstein, David
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Impact of Subthalamic Deep Brain Stimulation on Hyposmia in Patients With Parkinson's Disease Is Influenced by Constipation and Dysbiosis of Microbiota
Chao Li, Ying Hou, Xu Wang, Yue-xuan Li, Feng Li, Chao Zhang, Wei-guo Li
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Hyposmia may predict development of freezing of gait in Parkinson’s disease
Jae Jung Lee, Jin Yong Hong, Jong Sam Baik
Journal of Neural Transmission.2021; 128(6): 763. CrossRef
Clinical and Dopamine Depletion Patterns in Hyposmia- and Dysautonomia-Dominant Parkinson’s Disease
Han Soo Yoo, Sangwon Lee, Seong Ho Jeong, Byoung Seok Ye, Young H. Sohn, Mijin Yun, Phil Hyu Lee
Journal of Parkinson's Disease.2021; 11(4): 1703. CrossRef

Heterogeneous Patterns of Striatal Dopamine Loss in Patients with Young- versus Old-Onset Parkinson’s Disease: Impact on Clinical Features: Seok Jong Chung, Han Soo Yoo, Yang Hyun Lee, Phil Hyu Lee, Young H. Sohn; J Mov Disord. 2019;12(2):113-119. Published online May 30, 2019; DOI: https://doi.org/10.14802/jmd.18064

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170 Download
27 Web of Science
28 Crossref

Abstract PDF Supplementary Material

Objective
Ample evidence has suggested that age at onset of Parkinson’s disease (PD) is associated with heterogeneous clinical features in individuals. We hypothesized that this may be attributed to different patterns of nigrostriatal dopamine loss.
Methods
A total of 205 consecutive patients with de novo PD who underwent 18F-FP-CIT PET scans (mean follow-up duration, 6.31 years) were divided into three tertile groups according to their age at onset of parkinsonian motor symptoms. Striatal dopamine transporter (DAT) availability was compared between the old- (n = 73) and young-onset (n = 66) groups. In addition, the risk of developing freezing of gait (FOG) and longitudinal requirements for dopaminergic medications were examined.
Results
The old-onset PD group (mean age at onset, 72.66 years) exhibited more severe parkinsonian motor signs than the young-onset group (52.58 years), despite comparable DAT availability in the posterior putamen; moreover, the old-onset group exhibited more severely decreased DAT availability in the caudate than the young-onset group. A Cox regression model revealed that the old-onset PD group had a higher risk for developing FOG than the young-onset group [hazard ratio 2.523, 95% confidence interval (1.239–5.140)]. The old-onset group required higher doses of dopaminergic medications for symptom control than the young-onset group over time.
Conclusion
The present study demonstrated that the old-onset PD group exhibited more severe dopamine loss in the caudate and were more likely to develop gait freezing, suggesting that age at onset may be one of the major determinants of the pattern of striatal dopamine depletion and progression of gait disturbance in PD.

Citations

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