Journal of Movement Disorders

Brief communication

Evaluating the Validity and Reliability of the Korean Version of the Scales for Outcomes in Parkinson’s Disease–Cognition: Jinse Park, Eungseok Oh, Seong-Beom Koh, In-Uk Song, Tae-Beom Ahn, Sang Jin Kim, Sang-Myung Cheon, Yoon-Joong Kim, Jin Whan Cho, Hyeo-Il Ma, Mee Young Park, Jong Sam Baik, Phil Hyu Lee, Sun Ju Chung, Jong-Min Kim, Han-Joon Kim, Young-Hee Sung, Do Young Kwon, Jae-Hyeok Lee, Jee-Young Lee, Ji Seon Kim, Ji Young Yun, Hee Jin Kim, Jin Yong Hong, Mi-Jung Kim, Jinyoung Youn, Hui-Jun Yang, Won Tae Yoon, Sooyeoun You, Kyum-Yil Kwon, Su-Yun Lee, Younsoo Kim, Hee-Tae Kim, Joong-Seok Kim, Ji-Young Kim; J Mov Disord. 2024;17(3):328-332. Published online April 3, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.14802/jmd.24061

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Abstract PDF Supplementary Material: Objective
The Scales for Outcomes in Parkinson’s Disease–Cognition (SCOPA-Cog) was developed to assess cognition in patients with Parkinson’s disease (PD). In this study, we aimed to evaluate the validity and reliability of the Korean version of the SCOPACog (K-SCOPA-Cog).
Methods
We enrolled 129 PD patients with movement disorders from 31 clinics in South Korea. The original version of the SCOPA-Cog was translated into Korean using the translation-retranslation method. The test–retest method with an intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) and Cronbach’s alpha coefficient were used to assess reliability. Spearman’s rank correlation analysis with the Montreal Cognitive Assessment-Korean version (MOCA-K) and the Korean Mini-Mental State Examination (K-MMSE) were used to assess concurrent validity.
Results
The Cronbach’s alpha coefficient was 0.797, and the ICC was 0.887. Spearman’s rank correlation analysis revealed a significant correlation with the K-MMSE and MOCA-K scores (r = 0.546 and r = 0.683, respectively).
Conclusion
Our results demonstrate that the K-SCOPA-Cog has good reliability and validity.

Original Article

Caregiver Burden of Patients With Huntington’s Disease in South Korea: Chan Young Lee, Chaewon Shin, Yun Su Hwang, Eungseok Oh, Manho Kim, Hyun Sook Kim, Sun Ju Chung, Young Hee Sung, Won Tae Yoon, Jin Whan Cho, Jae-Hyeok Lee, Han-Joon Kim, Hee Jin Chang, Beomseok Jeon, Kyung Ah Woo, Seong-Beom Koh, Kyum-Yil Kwon, Jangsup Moon, Young Eun Kim, Jee-Young Lee; J Mov Disord. 2024;17(1):30-37. Published online September 11, 2023; DOI: https://doi.org/10.14802/jmd.23134

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Objective
This is the first prospective cohort study of Huntington’s disease (HD) in Korea. This study aimed to investigate the caregiver burden in relation to the characteristics of patients and caregivers.
Methods
From August 2020 to February 2022, we enrolled patients with HD from 13 university hospitals in Korea. We used the 12-item Zarit Burden Interview (ZBI-12) to evaluate the caregiver burden. We evaluated the clinical associations of the ZBI-12 scores by linear regression analysis and investigated the differences between the low- and high-burden groups.
Results
Sixty-five patients with HD and 45 caregivers were enrolled in this cohort study. The average age at onset of motor symptoms was 49.3 ± 12.3 years, with an average cytosine-adenine-guanine (CAG)n of 42.9 ± 4.0 (38–65). The median ZBI-12 score among our caregivers was 17.6 ± 14.2. A higher caregiver burden was associated with a more severe Shoulson–Fahn stage (p = 0.038) of the patients. A higher ZBI-12 score was also associated with lower independence scale (B = -0.154, p = 0.006) and functional capacity (B = -1.082, p = 0.002) scores of patients. The caregiving duration was longer in the high- than in the low-burden group. Caregivers’ demographics, blood relation, and marital and social status did not affect the burden significantly.
Conclusion
HD patients’ neurological status exerts an enormous impact on the caregiver burden regardless of the demographic or social status of the caregiver. This study emphasizes the need to establish an optimal support system for families dealing with HD in Korea. A future longitudinal analysis could help us understand how disease progression aggravates the caregiver burden throughout the entire disease course.

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Chidera Okoh, Leighanne Mayall, Selina M. Makin, Cliff Chen, Nicolò Zarotti
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A Practical Guide for Diagnostic Investigations and Special Considerations in Patients With Huntington’s Disease in Korea
Jangsup Moon, Eungseok Oh, Minkyeong Kim, Ryul Kim, Dallah Yoo, Chaewon Shin, Jee-Young Lee, Jong-Min Kim, Seong-Beom Koh, Manho Kim, Beomseok Jeon
Journal of Movement Disorders.2025; 18(1): 17. CrossRef
Validation of the Korean Version of the Huntington’s Disease Quality of Life Battery for Carers
Hee Jin Chang, Eungseok Oh, Won Tae Yoon, Chan Young Lee, Kyum-Yil Kwon, Yun Su Hwang, Chaewon Shin, Jee-Young Lee
Journal of Movement Disorders.2025; 18(2): 160. CrossRef
A Practical Guide for Clinical Approach to Patients With Huntington’s Disease in Korea
Chaewon Shin, Ryul Kim, Dallah Yoo, Eungseok Oh, Jangsup Moon, Minkyeong Kim, Jee-Young Lee, Jong-Min Kim, Seong-Beom Koh, Manho Kim, Beomseok Jeon
Journal of Movement Disorders.2024; 17(2): 138. CrossRef

Review Article

GBA1 Variants and Parkinson’s Disease: Paving the Way for Targeted Therapy: Young Eun Huh, Tatiana Usnich, Clemens R. Scherzer, Christine Klein, Sun Ju Chung; J Mov Disord. 2023;16(3):261-278. Published online June 12, 2023; DOI: https://doi.org/10.14802/jmd.23023

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Abstract PDF

Glucosylceramidase beta 1 (GBA1) variants have attracted enormous attention as the most promising and important genetic candidates for precision medicine in Parkinson’s disease (PD). A substantial correlation between GBA1 genotypes and PD phenotypes could inform the prediction of disease progression and promote the development of a preventive intervention for individuals at a higher risk of a worse disease prognosis. Moreover, the GBA1-regulated pathway provides new perspectives on the pathogenesis of PD, such as dysregulated sphingolipid metabolism, impaired protein quality control, and disrupted endoplasmic reticulum-Golgi trafficking. These perspectives have led to the development of novel disease-modifying therapies for PD targeting the GBA1-regulated pathway by repositioning treatment strategies for Gaucher’s disease. This review summarizes the current hypotheses on a mechanistic link between GBA1 variants and PD and possible therapeutic options for modulating GBA1-regulated pathways in PD patients.

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Classification and Genotype–Phenotype Relationships of GBA1 Variants: MDSGene Systematic Review
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Gregory A. Grabowski, Priya S. Kishnani, Roy N. Alcalay, S. Grace Prakalapakorn, Barry E. Rosenbloom, Dominick A. Tuason, Neal J. Weinreb
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Maria Giulia Davighi, Francesca Clemente, Camilla Matassini, Martina Cacciarini, Damiano Tanini, Andrea Goti, Amelia Morrone, Paolo Paoli, Francesca Cardona
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Farida Emran, Ibrahim Kays, Chiu-An Lo, Yueyang Li, Brian E. Chen
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Makaila L. Furderer, Bahafta Berhe, Tiffany C. Chen, Stephen Wincovitch, Xuntian Jiang, Nahid Tayebi, Ellen Sidransky, Tae-Un Han
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Original Articles

The Effect of Blood Lipids, Type 2 Diabetes, and Body Mass Index on Parkinson’s Disease: A Korean Mendelian Randomization Study: Kye Won Park, Yun Su Hwang, Seung Hyun Lee, Sungyang Jo, Sun Ju Chung; J Mov Disord. 2023;16(1):79-85. Published online January 12, 2023; DOI: https://doi.org/10.14802/jmd.22175

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Abstract PDF Supplementary Material

Objective
Associations between various metabolic conditions and Parkinson’s disease (PD) have been previously identified in epidemiological studies. We aimed to investigate the causal effect of lipid levels, type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), and body mass index (BMI) on PD in a Korean population via Mendelian randomization (MR).
Methods
Two-sample MR analyses were performed with inverse-variance weighted (IVW), weighted median, and MR-Egger regression approaches. We identified genetic variants associated with lipid concentrations, T2DM, and BMI in publicly available summary statistics, which were either collected from genome-wide association studies (GWASs) or from meta-analyses of GWAS that targeted only Korean individuals or East Asian individuals, including Korean individuals. The outcome dataset was a GWAS on PD performed in a Korean population.
Results
From previous GWASs and meta-analyses, we selected single nucleotide polymorphisms as the instrumental variables. Variants associated with serum levels of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and triglycerides, as well as with T2DM and BMI, were selected (n = 11, 19, 17, 89, and 9, respectively). There were no statistically significant causal associations observed between the five exposures and PD using either the IVW, weighted median, or MR-Egger methods (p-values of the IVW method: 0.332, 0.610, 0.634, 0.275, and 0.860, respectively).
Conclusion
This study does not support a clinically relevant causal effect of lipid levels, T2DM, and BMI on PD risk in a Korean population.

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Genetic evidence for the liver-brain axis: lipid metabolism and neurodegenerative disease risk
Zeyu Wang, Zixiao Yin, Guangyong Sun, Dong Zhang, Jianguo Zhang
Lipids in Health and Disease.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Causal effect of systemic lupus erythematosus on psychiatric disorders: A two-sample Mendelian randomization study
Hua Xue, Shuangjuan Liu, Li Zeng, Wenhui Fan
Journal of Affective Disorders.2024; 347: 422. CrossRef
Causal relationship between diabetes mellitus, glycemic traits and Parkinson’s disease: a multivariable mendelian randomization analysis
Qitong Wang, Benchi Cai, Lifan Zhong, Jitrawadee Intirach, Tao Chen
Diabetology & Metabolic Syndrome.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Association of Body Mass Index and Parkinson Disease
Cloé Domenighetti, Pierre-Emmanuel Sugier, Ashwin Ashok Kumar Sreelatha, Claudia Schulte, Sandeep Grover, Berta Portugal, Pei-Chen Lee, Patrick May, Dheeraj Bobbili, Milena Radivojkov Blagojevic, Peter Lichtner, Andrew B. Singleton, Dena Hernandez, Connor
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Hua Xue, Li Zeng, Shuangjuan Liu
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Xinxin Ma, Shuhua Li, Fengzhi Liu, Yu Du, Haibo Chen, Wen Su
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Association of Depression With Early Occurrence of Postural Instability in Parkinson’s Disease: Yun Su Hwang, Sungyang Jo, Kye Won Park, Seung Hyun Lee, Sangjin Lee, Sun Ju Chung; J Mov Disord. 2023;16(1):68-78. Published online December 20, 2022; DOI: https://doi.org/10.14802/jmd.22091

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Abstract PDF Supplementary Material

Objective
Depression in Parkinson’s disease (PD) affects the quality of life of patients. Postural instability and gait disturbance are associated with the severity and prognosis of PD. We investigated the association of depression with axial involvement in early-stage PD patients.
Methods
This study involved 95 PD patients unexposed to antiparkinsonian drugs. After a baseline assessment for depression, the subjects were divided into a depressed PD group and a nondepressed PD group. Analyses were conducted to identify an association of depression at baseline with the following outcome variables: the progression to Hoehn and Yahr scale (H-Y) stage 3, the occurrence of freezing of gait (FOG), levodopa-induced dyskinesia, and wearing-off. The follow-up period was 53.40 ± 16.79 months from baseline.
Results
Kaplan–Meier survival curves for H-Y stage 3 and FOG showed more prominent progression to H-Y stage 3 and occurrences of FOG in the depressed PD group than in the nondepressed PD group (log-rank p = 0.025 and 0.003, respectively). Depression in drug-naïve, early-stage PD patients showed a significant association with the progression to H-Y stage 3 (hazard ratio = 2.55; 95% confidence interval = 1.32–4.93; p = 0.005), as analyzed by Cox regression analyses. In contrast, the occurrence of levodopa-induced dyskinesia and wearing-off did not differ between the two groups (log-rank p = 0.903 and 0.351, respectively).
Conclusion
Depression in drug-naïve, early-stage PD patients is associated with an earlier occurrence of postural instability. This suggests shared nondopaminergic pathogenic mechanisms and potentially enables the prediction of early development of postural instability.

Citations

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Association of motor subtype and tremor type with Parkinson's disease progression: An exploratory longitudinal analysis
Yuke Zhong, Huahua Su, Ying Liu, Hang Liu, Guohui Liu, Zhihui Liu, Jiahao Wei, Junyi Wang, Yuchen She, Changhong Tan, Lijuan Mo, Lin Han, Fen Deng, Xi Liu, Lifen Chen
Journal of Parkinson’s Disease.2025; 15(1): 111. CrossRef

Long-Term Outcomes of Deep Brain Stimulation in Pantothenate Kinase-Associated Neurodegeneration-Related Dystonia: Kyung Ah Woo, Han-Joon Kim, Seung-Ho Jeon, Hye Ran Park, Kye Won Park, Seung Hyun Lee, Sun Ju Chung, Jong-Hee Chae, Sun Ha Paek, Beomseok Jeon; J Mov Disord. 2022;15(3):241-248. Published online July 26, 2022; DOI: https://doi.org/10.14802/jmd.22002

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Abstract PDF Supplementary Material

Objective
To investigate the long-term clinical outcomes of pallidal deep brain stimulation (GPi-DBS) in patients with pantothenate kinase-associated neurodegeneration (PKAN).
Methods
We reviewed the records of patients with genetically confirmed PKAN who received bilateral GPi-DBS for refractory dystonia and were clinically followed up for at least 2 years postoperatively at two centers in Korea. Pre- and postoperative Burke– Fahn–Marsden Dystonia Rating Scale motor subscale (BFMDRS-M) scores, disability subscale (BFMDRS-D) scores, and qualitative clinical information were prospectively collected. Descriptive analysis was performed for BFMDRS-M scores, BFMDRSD scores, and the orofacial, axial, and limb subscores of the BFMDRS-M at 6–12, 24–36, and 60–72 months postoperatively.
Results
Five classic-type, four atypical-type, and one unknown-type PKAN cases were identified. The mean preoperative BFMDRS-M score was 92.1 for the classic type and 38.5 for the atypical or unknown type, with a mean BFMDRS follow-up of 50.7 months and a clinical follow-up of 69.0 months. The mean improvements in BFMDRS-M score were 11.3%, 41.3%, and 30.5% at 6–12, 24–36, and 60–72 months, respectively. In four patients with full regular evaluations until 60–72 months, improvements in the orofacial, axial, and limb subscores persisted, but the disability scores worsened from 24–36 months post-operation compared to the baseline, mainly owing to the aggravation of eating and feeding disabilities.
Conclusion
The benefits of GPi-DBS on dystonia may persist for more than 5 years in PKAN. The effects on patients’ subjective disability may have a shorter duration despite improvements in dystonia owing to the complex manifestations of PKAN.

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Imaging Findings of Intracerebral Infection after Deep Brain Stimulation: Pediatric Case Series and Literature Review
Andrew Z. Yang, Alexandre Boutet, Vivek Pai, Michael J. Colditz, Artur Vetkas, Brendan Santyr, Nardin Samuel, Jurgen Germann, Sara Breitbart, Lior Elkam, Birgit Ertl‐Wagner, Alfonso Fasano, Andres M. Lozano, George M Ibrahim, Carolina Gorodetsky
Movement Disorders Clinical Practice.2025; 12(2): 242. CrossRef
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Annals of Neurology.2024; 95(1): 156. CrossRef
Illustration of the long-term efficacy of pallidal deep brain stimulation in a patient with PKAN dystonia
Luigi M. Romito, Fabiana Colucci, Giovanna Zorzi, Barbara Garavaglia, Ahmet Kaymak, Alberto Mazzoni, Celeste Panteghini, Nico Golfrè Andreasi, Sara Rinaldo, Vincenzo Levi, Miryam Carecchio, Roberto Eleopra
Parkinsonism & Related Disorders.2024; 123: 106977. CrossRef
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Patient Selection for Deep Brain Stimulation for Pantothenate Kinase-Associated Neurodegeneration
Jason L. Chan, Ashley E. Rawls, Joshua K. Wong, Penelope Hogarth, Justin D. Hilliard, Michael S. Okun
Tremor and Other Hyperkinetic Movements.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Surgical treatment of movement disorders in neurometabolic conditions
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Letters to the editor

Pseudodystonia and Neuropathic Tremor in a Patient With Monomelic Amyotrophy: Seung Hyun Lee, Yun Su Hwang, Sungyang Jo, Sun Ju Chung; J Mov Disord. 2022;15(2):181-183. Published online March 22, 2022; DOI: https://doi.org/10.14802/jmd.21138

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Syringomyelia Manifesting With Pseudodystonia: A Case Report: Yun Su Hwang, Seung Hyun Lee, Sungyang Jo, Sun Ju Chung; J Mov Disord. 2022;15(2):175-177. Published online November 3, 2021; DOI: https://doi.org/10.14802/jmd.21121

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Original Articles

Factors Associated with Medication Beliefs in Patients with Parkinson’s Disease: A Cross-Sectional Study: Sung Reul Kim, Ji Young Kim, Hye Young Kim, Hui Young So, Sun Ju Chung; J Mov Disord. 2021;14(2):133-143. Published online May 3, 2021; DOI: https://doi.org/10.14802/jmd.20147

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Objective
Medication beliefs are a significant determinant of medication adherence in chronic illness. This study aimed to identify demographic, clinical, and medication-related factors associated with medication beliefs in patients with Parkinson’s disease (PD).
Methods
We used a descriptive cross-sectional design with a convenience sample of 173 PD patients who had been taking antiparkinson drugs for more than one year.
Results
The subjects who believed PD medication was more necessary had more severe illness, younger age of onset, longer illness duration, and longer duration of levodopa therapy. They had higher levels of non-motor symptoms and depression, number of medication uses, number of drugs, and levodopa equivalent dose, and they reported fluctuation of motor symptoms and dyskinesia. The subjects who used catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) inhibitors, dopamine agonists, amantadine, and monoamine oxidase-B (MAO-B) inhibitors had significantly higher necessity scores than those who did not use them. The subjects who had higher concerns about PD medications had higher levels of non-motor symptoms and depression. The subjects using amantadine and anticholinergics had significantly higher concern scores than those who did not use them. Positive necessity-concerns differentials were associated with severe illness, the presence of motor fluctuation and dyskinesia, and the use of COMT inhibitors. Based on stepwise multiple regression, the most significant factors influencing necessity beliefs were severe illness, followed by depression and motor fluctuation.
Conclusion
Severe illness, higher levels of depression, and motor fluctuation are independent factors influencing patients’ beliefs regarding medication necessity. Therefore, these characteristics should be considered in medication belief assessment and interventions for PD patients.

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Clinical Clusters for Identification of Lower Adherence in Patients with Parkinson’s Disease: A Cross-Sectional Study
Igor Straka, Michal Minár, Veronika Boleková, Matej Škorvánek, Milan Grofik, Katarína Danterová, Ján Benetin, Egon Kurča, Kathryn A. Wyman-Chick, Andrea Gažová, Ján Kyselovič, Peter Valkovič
Bratislava Medical Journal.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Adherence to Parkinson's disease medication: A case study to illustrate reasons for non-adherence, implications for practice and engaging under-represented participants in research
Delyth James, Joshua Smith, Emma Lane, Rhian Thomas, Sarah Brown, Heidi Seage
Exploratory Research in Clinical and Social Pharmacy.2024; 14: 100450. CrossRef
Relationship Between Medication Literacy and Beliefs Among Persons with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in Guangdong, China
Sifen Jiang, Zhuoqi Zhu, Guisheng Liao, Yanling Huang, Lichang Li, Kun Zeng
Patient Preference and Adherence.2023; Volume 17: 2039. CrossRef
Effect of Pillbox Organizers with Alarms on Adherence to Pharmacotherapy in Parkinson Disease Patients Taking Three and More Daily Doses of Dopaminergic Medications
Igor Straka, Michal Minar, Milan Grofik, Matej Skorvanek, Veronika Bolekova, Andrea Gazova, Jan Kyselovic, Peter Valkovic
Journal of Personalized Medicine.2022; 12(2): 179. CrossRef
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Gye-Gyoung Kim, Sung-Hee Yoo, Man-Seok Park, Hyun-Young Park, Jae-Kwan Cha
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Lycium barbarum polysaccharide improves dopamine metabolism and symptoms in an MPTP-induced model of Parkinson’s disease
Jiangbo Song, Lian Liu, Zhiquan Li, Ting Mao, Jianfei Zhang, Lei Zhou, Xin Chen, Yunzhu Shang, Tao Sun, Yuxin Luo, Yu Jiang, Duan Tan, Xiaoling Tong, Fangyin Dai
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Therapeutic Effect of Levodopa/Carbidopa/Entacapone on Sleep Disturbance in Patients with Parkinson’s Disease: Kye Won Park, Sungyang Jo, Seung Hyun Lee, Yun Su Hwang, Dagyo Lee, Ho-Sung Ryu, Sun Ju Chung; J Mov Disord. 2020;13(3):205-212. Published online September 9, 2020; DOI: https://doi.org/10.14802/jmd.20055

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Abstract PDF

Objective
To investigate the efficacy of levodopa/carbidopa/entacapone (LCE) at bedtime for treating sleep disturbance in patients with Parkinson’s disease (PD) with motor fluctuations.
Methods
Participants included 128 PD patients with motor fluctuations. All patients were assessed for motor, nonmotor, and sleep-specific symptoms using the United Parkinson’s Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS), the Korean version of the Nonmotor Symptom Scale, the Parkinson’s Disease Sleep Scale (PDSS), the Epworth Sleepiness Scale, and the Rapid Eye Movement Sleep Behavior Disorder Screening Questionnaire (RBDSQ). We compared the baseline characteristics of patients with sleep disturbance (PDSS score < 120) and those without sleep disturbance (PDSS score ≥ 120). Thirty-nine patients with sleep disturbance who agreed to take LCE at bedtime completed 3-month follow-ups. We analyzed changes in the scores of motor, nonmotor, and sleep symptom scales over the 3 months.
Results
PD patients with sleep disturbance were at more advanced disease stages and had more severe motor, nonmotor, and sleep symptoms than those without sleep disturbance. Patients who took LCE at night showed improvements in motor (UPDRS part III, p = 0.007) and sleep symptoms (total PDSS, p < 0.001). Sleep features that benefitted from LCE included not only nocturnal motor components but also insomnia (PDSS items 2 and 3, p = 0.005 and p < 0.001) and rapid eye movement behavior disorder (PDSS item 6, p = 0.002; and RBDSQ, p < 0.001).
Conclusion
The use of LCE at bedtime may be a useful treatment for sleep disturbance in advanced PD patients with motor fluctuations.

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Alessandra Fanciulli, Friederike Sixel-Döring, Carsten Buhmann, Florian Krismer, Wiebke Hermann, Christian Winkler, Dirk Woitalla, Wolfgang H. Jost, Mathias Bähr, Jos Becktepe, Daniela Berg, Kathrin Brockmann, Andrés Ceballos-Baumann, Joseph Claßen, Corne
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Glynn Harrison‐Jones, Xiaocong Li Marston, Francesca Morgante, K. Ray Chaudhuri, Guillermo Castilla‐Fernández, Valentina Di Foggia
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Karina A. Atanasova-Ivanova, Sonya Ivanova Hristova-Chakmakova, Ivan G. Milanov
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Long-term Effects of Bilateral Subthalamic Deep Brain Stimulation on Postural Instability and Gait Difficulty in Patients with Parkinson’s Disease: Hae-Won Shin, Mi Sun Kim, Sung Reul Kim, Sang Ryong Jeon, Sun Ju Chung; J Mov Disord. 2020;13(2):127-132. Published online May 29, 2020; DOI: https://doi.org/10.14802/jmd.19081

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Abstract PDF

Objective
The long-term effects of bilateral subthalamic nucleus deep brain stimulation (STN-DBS) on postural instability and gait difficulty (PIGD) in patients with Parkinson’s disease (PD) remain unclear. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the longterm effects of STN-DBS surgery on PIGD symptoms in patients with advanced-stage PD. Methods This study included 49 consecutively included patients with PD who underwent bilateral STN-DBS. The Unified Parkinson’s Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS) scores and subscores for PIGD were assessed at baseline and at 1, 3, and 5 years postoperatively. The PIGD subscore was divided into PIGD-motor and PIGD-activities of daily living (ADL) scores according to parts III and II of the UPDRS, respectively. Results The PIGD-motor and PIGD-ADL scores at the “medication-off” state improved at 3 and 5 years, respectively. Overall, the UPDRS III and II scores at “medication-off” improved at 5 years. The UPDRS IV score also significantly improved and the levodopa equivalent daily dosage decreased at all follow-ups. Finally, the PIGD-motor score at baseline was able to predict long-term improvement in the PIGD-motor score at the 5-year follow-up. Conclusion The STN-DBS has both short- and long-term effects on PIGD, as well as overall motor function, in patients with advanced PD. The degree of PIGD at the preoperative evaluation can be used to predict long-term outcomes after STN-DBS surgery.

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Madison Butler, Asra Askari, Brandon Zhu, Kara Wyant, Daniel Leventhal, Parag G. Patil, Kelvin L. Chou
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Effects of subthalamic nucleus deep brain stimulation using different frequency programming paradigms on axial symptoms in advanced Parkinson’s disease
Yifeng Cheng, Guangrui Zhao, Lei Chen, Deqiu Cui, Chunjuan Wang, Keke Feng, Shaoya Yin
Acta Neurochirurgica.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Subthalamic deep brain stimulation in advanced Parkinson’s disease using the STarFix system
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Letter to the editor

Fragile X-Associated Tremor/Ataxia Syndrome: An Illustrative Case: Chaewon Lee, Kye Won Park, Nari Choi, Ho-Sung Ryu, Sun Ju Chung; J Mov Disord. 2019;12(3):184-186. Published online July 17, 2019; DOI: https://doi.org/10.14802/jmd.18060

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PDF

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Original Article

Alteration in the Local and Global Functional Connectivity of Resting State Networks in Parkinson’s Disease: Maryam Ghahremani, Jaejun Yoo, Sun Ju Chung, Kwangsun Yoo, Jong C. Ye, Yong Jeong; J Mov Disord. 2018;11(1):13-23. Published online January 23, 2018; DOI: https://doi.org/10.14802/jmd.17061

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Abstract PDF

Objective
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder that mainly leads to the impairment of patients’ motor function, as well as of cognition, as it progresses. This study tried to investigate the impact of PD on the resting state functional connectivity of the default mode network (DMN), as well as of the entire brain.
Methods
Sixty patients with PD were included and compared to 60 matched normal control (NC) subjects. For the local connectivity analysis, the resting state fMRI data were analyzed by seed-based correlation analyses, and then a novel persistent homology analysis was implemented to examine the connectivity from a global perspective.
Results
The functional connectivity of the DMN was decreased in the PD group compared to the NC, with a stronger difference in the medial prefrontal cortex. Moreover, the results of the persistent homology analysis indicated that the PD group had a more locally connected and less globally connected network compared to the NC.
Conclusion
Our findings suggest that the DMN is altered in PD, and persistent homology analysis, as a useful measure of the topological characteristics of the networks from a broader perspective, was able to identify changes in the large-scale functional organization of the patients’ brain.

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Topological disruption of high‐order functional networks in cognitively preserved Parkinson's disease
Song'an Shang, Siying Zhu, Jingtao Wu, Yao Xu, Lanlan Chen, Weiqiang Dou, Xindao Yin, Yu‐Chen Chen, Dejuan Shen, Jing Ye
CNS Neuroscience & Therapeutics.2023; 29(2): 566. CrossRef
IABC: A Toolbox for Intelligent Analysis of Brain Connectivity
Yuhui Du, Yanshu Kong, Xingyu He
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Yara Skaf, Reinhard Laubenbacher
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Altered Long- and Short-Range Functional Connectivity Density in Patients With Thyroid-Associated Ophthalmopathy: A Resting-State fMRI Study
Wen-Hao Jiang, Huan-Huan Chen, Wen Chen, Qian Wu, Lu Chen, Jiang Zhou, Xiao-Quan Xu, Hao Hu, Fei-Yun Wu
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Modulations of static and dynamic functional connectivity among brain networks by electroacupuncture in post-stroke aphasia
Minjie Xu, Ying Gao, Hua Zhang, Binlong Zhang, Tianli Lyu, Zhongjian Tan, Changming Li, Xiaolin Li, Xing Huang, Qiao Kong, Juan Xiao, Georg S. Kranz, Shuren Li, Jingling Chang
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Multi-dimensional persistent feature analysis identifies connectivity patterns of resting-state brain networks in Alzheimer’s disease
Jin Li, Chenyuan Bian, Haoran Luo, Dandan Chen, Luolong Cao, Hong Liang
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Characterizing resting‐state networks in Parkinson’s disease: A multi‐aspect functional connectivity study
Mahdieh Ghasemi, Ali Foroutannia, Abbas Babajani‐Feremi
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Dan D Jobson, Yoshiki Hase, Andrew N Clarkson, Rajesh N Kalaria
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Case Report

Oculodentodigital Dysplasia Presenting as Spastic Paraparesis: The First Genetically Confirmed Korean Case and a Literature Review: Kye Won Park, Ho-Sung Ryu, Juyeon Kim, Sun Ju Chung; J Mov Disord. 2017;10(3):149-153. Published online September 22, 2017; DOI: https://doi.org/10.14802/jmd.17050

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Abstract PDF Supplementary Material

Oculodentodigital dysplasia (ODDD) is a rare autosomal dominant inherited disease caused by mutations of the human gap junction alpha 1 gene, which encodes the protein Connexin-43. Patients with ODDD may present with neurological deficits with a typical pleiotropic combination of characteristic craniofacial, ophthalmological, phalangeal, and dental anomalies. In this report, we describe the first genetically confirmed Korean ODDD patient, who presented with spastic paraparesis. We will also review the neurological aspects of ODDD as reported in the literature.

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Oculodentodigital Dysplasia Presenting as Spastic Ataxic Syndrome in an Indian Patient
Gosala RK Sarma, Abhinaya Varidireddy, GG Sharath, Sunitha P Kumaran
Annals of Indian Academy of Neurology.2025; 28(1): 112. CrossRef
Glial Connexins and Pannexins in the Healthy and Diseased Brain
Christian Giaume, Christian C. Naus, Juan C. Sáez, Luc Leybaert
Physiological Reviews.2021; 101(1): 93. CrossRef
Oculodentodigital Dysplasia: A Case Report and Major Review of the Eye and Ocular Adnexa Features of 295 Reported Cases
Virang Kumar, Natario L. Couser, Arti Pandya
Case Reports in Ophthalmological Medicine.2020; 2020: 1. CrossRef
Novel ocular findings in oculodentodigital dysplasia (ODDD): a case report and literature review
Zhirong Wang, Limei Sun, Panfeng Wang, Chonglin Chen, Aiyuan Zhang, Weiqing Wang, Xiaoyan Ding
Ophthalmic Genetics.2019; 40(1): 54. CrossRef
Oculodentodigital Dysplasia: A Hypomyelinating Leukodystrophy with a Characteristic MRI Pattern of Brain Stem Involvement
I. Harting, S. Karch, U. Moog, A. Seitz, P.J.W. Pouwels, N.I. Wolf
American Journal of Neuroradiology.2019; 40(5): 903. CrossRef

Original Article

Sleepiness and Depression in Parkinson’s Disease Patients Treated with Ropinirole and Levodopa: Suk Yun Kang, Ho-Sung Ryu, Mun-Kyung Sunwoo, Sang-Jin Kim, Jong-Sam Baik, Mee-Young Park, Hyung-Eun Park, Joong-Seok Kim, Kyum-Yil Kwon, Seong-Beom Koh, Young-Eun Kim, Mi-Kyong Lee, Jong-Min Kim, Sun Ju Chung, Young-Ho Sohn; J Mov Disord. 2017;10(3):123-129. Published online September 22, 2017; DOI: https://doi.org/10.14802/jmd.17048

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Abstract PDF

Objective
We aimed to investigate the effect of ropinirole on excessive daytime sleepiness (EDS) and depression in Parkinson’s disease (PD) with a large population.
Methods
We conducted a cross-sectional observational study at nine hospitals in Korea between April 24, 2013, and April 22, 2015. We analyzed the demographic and clinical features, other medical history, history of antiparkinsonian medication within 6 months, Hoehn and Yahr stage (HY stage), Unified Parkinson’s Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS) part II and III, Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS), and 30-item Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS-30).
Results
Four-hundred-thirteen patients with PD (mean age: 65.2 ± 9.0 years; men: 227 patients) were analyzed. Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that age at examination, UPDRS II, and GDS-30 were independent risk factors for EDS and that sex, UPDRS II, and ESS were independent risk factors for depression.
Conclusion
Our large group study did not find any significant associations of ropinirole with EDS and depression in Korean PD patients.

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Remi Morimoto, Mutsumi Iijima, Yasuyuki Okuma, Keisuke Suzuki, Fumihito Yoshii, Shigeru Nogawa, Takashi Osada, Kazuo Kitagawa
Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience.2023;[Epub] CrossRef
Excessive Daytime Sleepiness in Parkinson’s Disease
Hanshu Liu, Jingwen Li, Xinyi Wang, Jinsha Huang, Tao Wang, Zhicheng Lin, Nian Xiong
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Excessive daytime sleepiness in Parkinson's disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis
Fei Feng, YingYing Cai, YanBing Hou, Ruwei Ou, Zheng Jiang, HuiFang Shang
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Gianpaolo Maggi, Luigi Trojano, Paolo Barone, Gabriella Santangelo
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Tarek Antar, Huw R. Morris, Faraz Faghri, Hampton L. Leonard, Mike A. Nalls, Andrew B. Singleton, Hirotaka Iwaki
Journal of the Neurological Sciences.2021; 429: 117615. CrossRef
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Jiali Zhu, Min Chen
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Pramipexole regulates depression-like behavior via dopamine D3 receptor in a mouse model of Parkinson’s disease
Shi-Zhuang Wei, Xiao-Yu Yao, Chen-Tao Wang, An-Qi Dong, Dan Li, Yu-Ting Zhang, Chao Ren, Jin-Bao Zhang, Cheng-Jie Mao, Fen Wang, Chun-Feng Liu
Brain Research Bulletin.2021; 177: 363. CrossRef
A selective D2 dopamine receptor agonist alleviates depression through up-regulation of tyrosine hydroxylase and increased neurogenesis in hippocampus of the prenatally stressed rats
Mahino Fatima, Mir Hilal Ahmad, Saurabh Srivastav, Moshahid Alam Rizvi, A.C. Mondal
Neurochemistry International.2020; 136: 104730. CrossRef
‘Dopamine agonist Phobia’ in Parkinson’s disease: when does it matter? Implications for non-motor symptoms and personalized medicine
Silvia Rota, Iro Boura, Lucia Batzu, Nataliya Titova, Peter Jenner, Cristian Falup-Pecurariu, K Ray Chaudhuri
Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics.2020; 20(9): 953. CrossRef
An Investigation on the Clinical Features and Neurochemical Changes in Parkinson's Disease With Depression
Teng-Hong Lian, Peng Guo, Li-Jun Zuo, Yang Hu, Shu-Yang Yu, Li Liu, Zhao Jin, Qiu-Jin Yu, Rui-Dan Wang, Li-Xia Li, Ying-Shan Piao, Wei Zhang
Frontiers in Psychiatry.2019;[Epub] CrossRef

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