Journal of Movement Disorders

Review Article

Digital Technology for Sleep Symptoms in Parkinson’s Disease: A Scoping Review: Kye Won Park, Ki-Young Jung, Han-Joon Kim, Jung Hwan Shin; J Mov Disord. 2026;19(2):119-134. Published online April 14, 2026; DOI: https://doi.org/10.14802/jmd.26098

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Abstract PDF Supplementary Material: Sleep disturbances are highly prevalent and clinically significant nonmotor features of Parkinson’s disease (PD). Although in-laboratory polysomnography remains the gold standard method for investigating these disturbances, its limited scalability and ecological validity constrain longitudinal and real-world assessments. Recent advances in digital health technologies have introduced a broad spectrum of portable, wearable, and contactless tools for sleep monitoring. In this scoping review, we systematically map the landscape of digital sleep technologies in PD by using a tiered framework based on technical maturity and clinical validation (Tiers 1–4); moreover, we further classify them by signal modality and sleep symptom domain. Through a systematic review of the literature, we identified 19 studies (Tiers 2–4) that applied digital biomarkers to assess sleep disturbances in PD, including REM sleep behavior disorder, nocturnal immobility, insomnia, circadian rhythm disturbances, excessive daytime sleepiness, and sleep-related respiratory and movement disorders. We additionally contextualize these findings against the rapid expansion of multimodal and AI-driven Tier 3–4 platforms in the general population. Despite this technological progress, a major translational gap persists in PD, which is characterized by limited disease-specific validation, small cohort sizes, and insufficient multimodal benchmarking. Multimodal systems leveraging machine learning offer a promising direction by enabling the more precise characterization of complex and overlapping sleep phenotypes. Emerging contactless systems further expand the potential for continuous, low-burden monitoring, although their clinical validity remains to be established. Future development of digital sleep biomarkers in PD will require prospective validation against established standards and the integration of multimodal data to enable scalable, longitudinal phenotyping and clinical trial applications.

Case Report

Spinal Myoclonus Responding to Continuous Intrathecal Morphine Pump: Jung-Eun Ahn, Dallah Yoo, Ki-Young Jung, Jong-Min Kim, Beomseok Jeon, Myung Chong Lee; J Mov Disord. 2017;10(3):158-160. Published online September 12, 2017; DOI: https://doi.org/10.14802/jmd.17023

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Spinal myoclonus is a sudden, brief, and involuntary movement of segmental or propriospinal muscle groups. Spinal myoclonus has occasionally been reported in patients undergoing opioid therapy, but the pathophysiology of opioid-induced myoclonus has not been elucidated yet. Here, we present two patients with spinal segmental myoclonus secondary to ischemic and radiation myelopathy. Conventional medications did not help treat persistent myoclonus in both legs. Continuous intrathecal morphine infusion was implanted for pain control in one patient, which relieved spinal myoclonus entirely. This experience led to the application of this method with a second patient, leading to the same gratifying result. Spinal myoclonus reemerged as soon as the morphine pumps were off, which confirmed the therapeutic role of opioids. In contrast to the opioid-induced myoclonus, these cases show a benefit of opioids on spinal myoclonus, which could be explained by synaptic reorganization after pathologic insults in the spinal cord.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by

Cancer-related movement disorders: A scoping review and diagnostic approach
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Neuro-Oncology Practice.2025; 12(6): 970. CrossRef
Spinal segmental myoclonus following spinal surgery
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British Journal of Neurosurgery.2023; 37(3): 393. CrossRef
Movement Disorders Associated With Radiotherapy and Surgical Procedures
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Journal of Movement Disorders.2023; 16(1): 42. CrossRef
Myoclonus: An Electrophysiological Diagnosis
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Movement Disorders Clinical Practice.2020; 7(5): 489. CrossRef

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