Journal of Movement Disorders

Brief communication

Feasibility and Preliminary Efficacy of Digital Cognitive Training in Parkinson’s Disease With Mild Cognitive Impairment: A Pilot Study: Dongje Lee, Hang-Rai Kim, Yu Jeong Park, Yisuh Ahn, Daeho Lee, Jungyeun Lee, Su Jin Chung, Seung Yeon Kim, Yeji Hwang, Ji Young Yun, Jin Whan Cho, Kyum-Yil Kwon, Seong-Beom Koh, Sung Hoon Kang; J Mov Disord. 2026;19(1):76-80. Published online August 26, 2025; DOI: https://doi.org/10.14802/jmd.25135

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Objective
Cognitive impairment is common in patients with Parkinson’s disease (PD), and few pharmacological options are available for treating this condition. We evaluated the effects of a digital cognitive training program (SUPERBRAIN), which was previously shown to be effective in populations at risk of Alzheimer’s disease, on cognitive function in individuals with PD.
Methods
Twenty-three individuals with PD and mild cognitive impairment (PD-MCI) from four clinics were randomized to the intervention (n=16) or control (n=7) groups. The intervention group completed a 12-week, home-based, tablet-based cognitive training program (25–30 min/day, 7 days/week). Cognitive outcomes were assessed using the Seoul Neuropsychological Screening Battery pre- and post-intervention.
Results
The adherence rate was 79.36%. The intervention group showed significant improvements in the Seoul Verbal Learning Test (SVLT) delayed recall and the Controlled Oral Word Association Test, while no changes were observed in the control group. Analysis of covariance confirmed greater SVLT improvement in the intervention group (F statistic=7.15, p=0.015, partial η²=0.28).
Conclusion
SUPERBRAIN is feasible and can improve cognitive function in individuals with PD-MCI.

Citations

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Integrated bio-cooperative robotic platform for virtual cognitive training in Parkinson's disease: design and methodology of the OPERA project
Cristina Polito, Giulia Martinelli, Sara Della Bella, Eleonora Pavan, Ylenia Crocetto, Simona Abagnale, Cristiana Rondoni, Alfonso Voscarelli, Marco Pirini, Francesco Scotto di Luzio, Loredana Zollo, Anna Estraneo
Frontiers in Neurology.2026;[Epub] CrossRef

Original Articles

Hair Loss: A Well-Known Yet Understudied Symptom in Parkinson’s Disease Patients During Dopaminergic Therapy: Jungyeun Lee, Hwa Jung Ryu, Soon Young Hwang, Seong-Beom Koh; J Mov Disord. 2024;17(1):47-54. Published online September 26, 2023; DOI: https://doi.org/10.14802/jmd.23088

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Abstract PDF Supplementary Material

Objective
Hair loss has been reported to occur during dopaminergic therapy in patients with Parkinson’s disease. The mechanism by which dopaminergic therapy induces hair loss is not well understood. Dopamine receptors are present in the hair follicle, where they regulate melanin production. However, the role of dopamine receptors in hair growth is still not well understood. This study aimed to evaluate the prevalence of hair loss and identify factors associated with complaints of hair loss in patients with Parkinson’s disease.
Methods
A cross-sectional design involving 495 Parkinson’s disease patients was applied to evaluate hair loss status. Patients completed a questionnaire, and scalp/hair examinations were performed. Patients with underlying conditions that could affect hair loss and those prescribed medications known to increase the risk of hair loss were excluded. Finally, 291 patients (58.8%) were included for analysis.
Results
Among the 495 patients, 138 (27.9%) reported hair loss. Interestingly, more than half of the patients who complained of hair loss (79 out of 138) did not utilize treatments such as hair products, massage, dietary modifications, or alopecia medications. Hair inspection by a single investigator revealed objective hair loss in 263 patients (53.1%). An analysis of factors associated with hair loss complaints showed that the intake of dopaminergic medications with a levodopa-equivalent daily dose > 448 mg was associated with complaints of hair loss.
Conclusion
Dopaminergic medication is associated with hair loss complaints in Parkinson’s disease patients.

Citations

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The Critical Role of Dopamine in the Evolution of Human Intelligence and Thermal Tolerance
Fred H. Previc
Anthropological Review.2025; 88(4): 31. CrossRef

Constipation is Associated With Mild Cognitive Impairment in Patients With de novo Parkinson’s Disease: Sung Hoon Kang, Jungyeun Lee, Seong-Beom Koh; J Mov Disord. 2022;15(1):38-42. Published online November 17, 2021; DOI: https://doi.org/10.14802/jmd.21074

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Abstract PDF

Objective
The association between gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms and cognitive profile in patients with Parkinson’s disease (PD) at diagnosis remains unclear, although GI symptoms and cognitive impairment are highly prevalent in patients with PD. We investigated the relationship between constipation and cognitive status. We also aimed to identify the correlation between constipation and each neuropsychological dysfunction.
Methods
A total of 427 patients with de novo Parkinson’s disease with normal cognition (PD-NC, n = 170) and Parkinson’s disease with mild cognitive impairment (PD-MCI, n = 257) at Korea University Guro Hospital in Seoul, Korea were included. All patients underwent comprehensive neuropsychological tests and completed the Non-Motor Symptoms Scale (NMSS). The frequency and severity of constipation were assessed using the NMSS GI symptoms scale, we used logistic regression analysis and partial correlation analysis to determine the associations between constipation score, MCI, and each neuropsychological dysfunction.
Results
Frequent and severe constipation was associated with MCI in patients with PD at diagnosis regardless of disease severity. Specifically, constipation was related to poor performance in frontal-executive and visuospatial functions after controlling for age and sex.
Conclusion
Our findings may provide an understanding of constipation as a marker associated with cognitive impairment in individuals with PD. Therefore, the evaluation of cognitive function is warranted in PD patients with constipation, while further studies are necessary to investigate the detailed mechanism of our results.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by

Purgation Therapy in Neurological Disorders: Bridging Siddha Medicine and Modern Neuroscience
Gangadharan Thamizhoviya, Arumugam Muthuvel
Journal of Neuroscience and Neurological Disorders.2026; : 001. CrossRef
Beyond the gut: The overlooked impact of constipation on functional mobility and quality of life in community‐dwelling elders – a cross‐sectional study
Mucahit Oztop, Nesrin Yagcı
Geriatrics & Gerontology International.2025; 25(6): 799. CrossRef
Multi-cohort machine learning identifies predictors of cognitive impairment in Parkinson’s disease
Rebecca Ting Jiin Loo, Lukas Pavelka, Graziella Mangone, Fouad Khoury, Marie Vidailhet, Jean-Christophe Corvol, Enrico Glaab, Geeta Acharya, Gloria Aguayo, Myriam Alexandre, Muhammad Ali, Wim Ammerlann, Giuseppe Arena, Michele Bassis, Roxane Batutu, Katy
npj Digital Medicine.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Constipation symptoms are associated with worse cognitive outcomes in older adults without dementia
Xiaochang Liu, Juan Zhou, Xinyan Xie, Wenzhe Zheng, Dan Liu, Guirong Cheng, Feifei Hu, Junyi Wang, Cheng Cai, Jing Liu, Qianqian Nie, Shiyue Li, Dan Song, Yuyang Cui, Jingjing Zhang, Hua Meng, Wei Tan, Yan Zeng
Frontiers in Nutrition.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Defecation after magnesium supplementation enhances cognitive performance in triathletes
Chen-Chan Wei, M. Brennan Harris, Mengxin Ye, Andrew Nicholls, Ahmad Alkhatib, Luthfia Dewi, Chi-Yang Huang, Chia-Hua Kuo
Sports Medicine and Health Science.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Constipation is associated with emotional and cognitive impairment in patients with Parkinson’s disease: A clinical and brain functional study
Meilan Su, Song Wang, Oumei Cheng, Kai Xie, Juan Peng, Xinyi Du, Lei Huang, Tian Feng
Neuroscience.2024; 559: 17. CrossRef
Constipation in Parkinson's Disease
Eamonn M. M. Quigley
Seminars in Neurology.2023; 43(04): 562. CrossRef
Interactions between gut microbiota and Parkinson's disease: The role of microbiota-derived amino acid metabolism
Wang Wang, Shujun Jiang, Chengcheng Xu, Lili Tang, Yan Liang, Yang Zhao, Guoxue Zhu
Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience.2022;[Epub] CrossRef

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