Journal of Movement Disorders

Volume 7(1); April 2014

Review Article

Cell Therapy Strategies vs. Paracrine Effect in Huntington’s Disease: Wooseok Im, Manho Kim; J Mov Disord. 2014;7(1):1-6. Published online April 30, 2014; DOI: https://doi.org/10.14802/jmd.14001

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Huntington’s disease (HD) is a genetic neurodegenerative disorder. The most common symptom of HD is abnormal involuntary writhing movements, called chorea. Antipsychotics and tetrabenazine are used to alleviate the signs and symptoms of HD. Stem cells have been investigated for use in neurodegenerative disorders to develop cell therapy strategies. Recent evidence indicates that the beneficial effects of stem cell therapies are actually mediated by secretory molecules, as well as cell replacement. Although stem cell studies show that cell transplantation provides cellular improvement around lesions in in vivo models, further work is required to elucidate some issues before the clinical application of stem cells. These issues include the precise mechanism of action, delivery method, toxicity and safety. With a focus on HD, this review summarizes cell therapy strategies and the paracrine effect of stem cells.

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Original Articles

The Frequency and Severity of Gastrointestinal Symptoms in Patients with Early Parkinson’s Disease: Hye-Young Sung, Jeong-Wook Park, Joong-Seok Kim; J Mov Disord. 2014;7(1):7-12. Published online April 30, 2014; DOI: https://doi.org/10.14802/jmd.14002

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Abstract PDF

Objective: Although gastrointestinal dysfunctions occur in the majority of patients with Parkinson’s disease (PD), they are often unrecognized because many patients remain relatively asymptomatic in the early stage. We investigated the frequency of gastrointestinal symptoms in patients with PD using newly developed gastrointestinal symptom questionnaires.
Methods: Early PD patients with a symptom duration not exceeding 3 years were included in this study. All PD patients were evaluated using a questionnaire, which consisted of three relevant domains: oropharyngoesophageal (10 items); gastric (3 items); and intestinal-anorectal (7 items). The frequency of symptoms was calculated as a proportion with an item score ≥ 2.
Results: Of the 54 patients enrolled, 48 patients (88.9%) responded that bowel symptoms developed before the onset of Parkinsonian motor symptoms, and four patients reported that the onset of two types of symptoms (i.e., bowel and neurological) occurred approximately simultaneously, with only months between them. The frequencies of gastrointestinal symptoms are as follows: speech disturbance (40.7%), drooling (24.1%), sense of getting stuck (31.5%), choking (27.8%), globus pharyngis (16.7%), repetitive deglutition (29.6%), pain during swallowing (5.6%), food regurgitation (3.7%), acid reflux (7.4%), nausea/ vomiting (11.1%), early satiety (16.7%), postprandial fullness (14.8%), epigastric soreness (9.3%), abdominal pain (3.7%), constipation (46.3%), excessive strain during defecation (33.3%), fecal incontinence (7.4%), tenesmus (20.4%), loose stool or diarrhea (3.7%), and difficulty in relaxing anal sphincter (11.1%). Two patients were scored at zero.
Conclusions: Our findings confirm that gastrointestinal dysfunction occurs in early PD in relatively high frequency.

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Correlation of Sleep Disturbance and Cognitive Impairment in Patients with Parkinson’s Disease: Eun Ja Kim, Joon Hyun Baek, Dong Jin Shin, Hyeon-Mi Park, Yeong-Bae Lee, Kee-Hyung Park, Dong Hoon Shin, Young Noh, Young Hee Sung; J Mov Disord. 2014;7(1):13-18. Published online April 30, 2014; DOI: https://doi.org/10.14802/jmd.14003

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Abstract PDF

Objective: Cognitive impairment is a common nonmotor symptom of Parkinson’s disease (PD) and is associated with high mortality, caregiver distress, and nursing home placement. The risk factors for cognitive decline in PD patients include advanced age, longer disease duration, rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder, hallucinations, excessive daytime sleepiness, and nontremor symptoms including bradykinesia, rigidity, postural instability, and gait disturbance. We conducted a cross-sectional study to determine which types of sleep disturbances are related to cognitive function in PD patients.
Methods: A total of 71 PD patients (29 males, mean age 66.46 ± 8.87 years) were recruited. All patients underwent the Mini- Mental State Examination (MMSE) and the Korean Version of the Montreal Cognitive Assessments (MoCA-K) to assess global cognitive function. Sleep disorders were evaluated with the Stanford Sleepiness Scale, Epworth Sleepiness Scale, Insomnia Severity Index (ISI), Pittsburg Sleep Quality Index, and Parkinson’s Disease Sleep Scale in Korea (PDSS).
Results: The ISI was correlated with the MMSE, and total PDSS scores were correlated with the MMSE and the MoCA-K. In each item of the PDSS, nocturnal restlessness, vivid dreams, hallucinations, and nocturnal motor symptoms were positively correlated with the MMSE, and nocturnal restlessness and vivid dreams were significantly related to the MoCA-K. Vivid dreams and nocturnal restlessness are considered the most powerful correlation factors with global cognitive function, because they commonly had significant correlation to cognition assessed with both the MMSE and the MoCA-K.

Conclusions: We found a correlation between global cognitive function and sleep disturbances, including vivid dreams and nocturnal restlessness, in PD patients.

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Case Reports

Stiff-Person Syndrome: Case Series: Yu Jin Jung, Han G. Jeong, Ryul Kim, Han-Joon Kim, Beom S. Jeon; J Mov Disord. 2014;7(1):19-21. Published online April 30, 2014; DOI: https://doi.org/10.14802/jmd.14004

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Abstract PDF

Stiff-person syndrome (SPS) is a rare disorder, characterized by progressive fluctuating muscular rigidity and spasms. Glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) antibody is primarily involved in the pathogenesis of SPS and SPS is strongly associated with other autoimmune disease. Here we report three cases of patients with classical SPS finally confirmed by high serum level of GAD antibodies. All of our patients respond favorably to gamma amino butyric acid-enhancing drugs and immunotherapies.

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Borros M. Arneth
Autoimmune Diseases.2019; 2019: 1. CrossRef

Giant Middle Fossa Epidermoid Presenting as Holmes’ Tremor Syndrome: Bindu Menon, P Sasikala, Amit Agrawal; J Mov Disord. 2014;7(1):22-24. Published online April 30, 2014; DOI: https://doi.org/10.14802/jmd.14005

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67 Download
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Abstract PDF

Intracranial dermoids may gradually reach an enormous size before the onset of symptoms. Common clinical presentations of intracranial epidermoid include headache and seizures. We present a case of a 35-year female patient with giant middle fossa epidermoid that presented with Holmes’ tremor syndrome, and we review the relevant literature. To the best of our knowledge, such a presentation has not previously been described in the literature.

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Holmes tremor
Gabriela B. Raina, Maria G. Cersosimo, Silvia S. Folgar, Juan C. Giugni, Cristian Calandra, Juan P. Paviolo, Veronica A. Tkachuk, Carlos Zuñiga Ramirez, Andrea L. Tschopp, Daniela S. Calvo, Luis A. Pellene, Marcela C. Uribe Roca, Miriam Velez, Rolando J.
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Rhabdomyolysis Related to Dyskinesia in Parkinson’s Disease: Hesna Bekta, Orhan Deniz, adiye Temel, Hava Dnmez Keklikolu, ener Akyol; J Mov Disord. 2014;7(1):25-27. Published online April 30, 2014; DOI: https://doi.org/10.14802/jmd.14006

21,882 View
92 Download
4 Web of Science
4 Crossref

Abstract PDF

Rhabdomyolysis is a life threatening syndrome. It accounts for an estimated 8% to 15% of cases of acute renal failure and is associated with a mortality rate of 5%. In movement disorders, various causes of rhabdomyolysis have been reported including status dystonicus, myoclonus, generalized chorea and parkinsonism-hyperprexia syndrome in Parkinson’s disease (PD). Levodopa-induced dyskinesia leading to rhabdomyolysis is a very rare phenomenon in PD. We report a case of 76 years old PD patient with dyskinesia and rhabdomyolysis.

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Rhabdomyolysis secondary to severe tic fits
Ka Loong Kelvin Au, Shannon Chiu, Irene A Malaty
BMJ Case Reports.2021; 14(3): e239874. CrossRef
Rhabdomyolysis Associated with Severe Levodopa-Induced Dyskinesia in Parkinson’s Disease: A Report of Two Cases and Literature Review
Yuvadee Pitakpatapee, Jindapa Srikajon, Tanita Sangpeamsook, Prachaya Srivanitchapoom
Tremor and Other Hyperkinetic Movements.2021;[Epub] CrossRef
Assessment of plasma creatine kinase as biomarker for levodopa-induced dyskinesia in Parkinson’s disease
Anna Delamarre, François Tison, Qin Li, Monique Galitzky, Olivier Rascol, Erwan Bezard, Wassilios G. Meissner
Journal of Neural Transmission.2019; 126(6): 789. CrossRef
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Suppression of Myoclonus in Corticobasal Degeneration by Levetiracetam: Jae Wook Cho, Jae Hyeok Lee; J Mov Disord. 2014;7(1):28-30. Published online April 30, 2014; DOI: https://doi.org/10.14802/jmd.14007

11,329 View
106 Download
13 Web of Science
11 Crossref

Abstract PDF

Myoclonus in corticobasal degeneration (CBD) has often been associated with severe and difficult to treat disabilities. Levetiracetam is a new antiepileptic agent with antimyoclonic effects. Herein, we present a 72-year-old woman with clinically probable CBD and with spontaneous rhythmic myoclonus in the right foot, which was markedly ameliorated through treatment with levetiracetam. The effect of levetiracetam was associated with the decreased amplitude of enlarged cortical somatosensory evoked potentials. This result suggests that the antimyoclonic effect of levetiracetam might be mediated through the suppression of increased cortical excitability.

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Current Treatment Options in Neurology.2016;[Epub] CrossRef
An Update and Review of the Treatment of Myoclonus
Kelly Mills, Zoltan Mari
Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports.2015;[Epub] CrossRef

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