- Gene Therapy for Huntington’s Disease: The Final Strategy for a Cure?
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Seulgi Byun, Mijung Lee, Manho Kim
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J Mov Disord. 2022;15(1):15-20. Published online November 17, 2021
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.14802/jmd.21006
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- Huntington’s disease (HD) has become a target of the first clinical trials for gene therapy among movement disorders with a genetic origin. More than 100 clinical trials regarding HD have been tried, but all failed, although there were some improvements limited to symptomatic support. Compared to other neurogenetic disorders, HD is known to have a single genetic target. Thus, this is an advantage and its cure is more feasible than any other movement disorder with heterogeneous genetic causes. In this review paper, the authors attempt to cover the characteristics of HD itself while providing an overview of the gene transfer methods currently being researched, and will introduce an experimental trial with a preclinical model of HD followed by an update on the ongoing clinical trials for patients with HD.
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Yogesh K. Dhuriya, Aijaz A. Naik Molecular Biology Reports.2023; 50(2): 1845. CrossRef - Gene therapy for selected neuromuscular and trinucleotide repeat disorders – An insight to subsume South Asia for multicenter clinical trials
Nalaka Wijekoon, Lakmal Gonawala, Pyara Ratnayake, Darshana Sirisena, Harsha Gunasekara, Athula Dissanayake, Sunethra Senanayake, Ajantha Keshavaraj, Yetrib Hathout, Harry W.M. Steinbusch, Chandra Mohan, Ashwin Dalal, Eric Hoffman, K.Ranil D de Silva IBRO Neuroscience Reports.2023; 14: 146. CrossRef - Mitochondrial organization and structure are compromised in fibroblasts from patients with Huntington’s disease
Marie Vanisova, Hana Stufkova, Michaela Kohoutova, Tereza Rakosnikova, Jana Krizova, Jiri Klempir, Irena Rysankova, Jan Roth, Jiri Zeman, Hana Hansikova Ultrastructural Pathology.2022; 46(5): 462. CrossRef - Pathogenesis of Huntington’s Disease: An Emphasis on Molecular Pathways and Prevention by Natural Remedies
Zainab Irfan, Sofia Khanam, Varnita Karmakar, Sayeed Mohammed Firdous, Bothaina Samih Ismail Abou El Khier, Ilyas Khan, Muneeb U. Rehman, Andleeb Khan Brain Sciences.2022; 12(10): 1389. CrossRef
- Exosome-Based Delivery of miR-124 in a Huntington’s Disease Model
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Soon-Tae Lee, Wooseok Im, Jae-Jun Ban, Mijung Lee, Keun-Hwa Jung, Sang Kun Lee, Kon Chu, Manho Kim
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J Mov Disord. 2017;10(1):45-52. Published online January 18, 2017
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.14802/jmd.16054
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Abstract
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- Objective
Huntington’s disease (HD) is a genetic neurodegenerative disease that is caused by abnormal CAG expansion. Altered microRNA (miRNA) expression also causes abnormal gene regulation in this neurodegenerative disease. The delivery of abnormally downregulated miRNAs might restore normal gene regulation and have a therapeutic effect.
Methods
We developed an exosome-based delivery method to treat this neurodegenerative disease. miR-124, one of the key miRNAs that is repressed in HD, was stably overexpressed in a stable cell line. Exosomes were then harvested from these cells using an optimized protocol. The exosomes (Exo-124) exhibited a high level of miR-124 expression and were taken up by recipient cells.
Results
When Exo-124 was injected into the striatum of R6/2 transgenic HD mice, expression of the target gene, RE1-Silencing Transcription Factor, was reduced. However, Exo-124 treatment did not produce significant behavioral improvement.
Conclusion
This study serves as a proof of concept for exosome-based delivery of miRNA in neurodegenerative diseases.
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Citations
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- Applications of CRISPR/Cas9 for Gene Editing in Hereditary Movement Disorders
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Wooseok Im, Jangsup Moon, Manho Kim
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J Mov Disord. 2016;9(3):136-143. Published online September 21, 2016
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.14802/jmd.16029
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19,108
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Abstract
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- Gene therapy is a potential therapeutic strategy for treating hereditary movement disorders, including hereditary ataxia, dystonia, Huntington’s disease, and Parkinson’s disease. Genome editing is a type of genetic engineering in which DNA is inserted, deleted or replaced in the genome using modified nucleases. Recently, clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat/CRISPR associated protein 9 (CRISPR/Cas9) has been used as an essential tool in biotechnology. Cas9 is an RNA-guided DNA endonuclease enzyme that was originally associated with the adaptive immune system of Streptococcus pyogenes and is now being utilized as a genome editing tool to induce double strand breaks in DNA. CRISPR/Cas9 has advantages in terms of clinical applicability over other genome editing technologies such as zinc-finger nucleases and transcription activator-like effector nucleases because of easy in vivo delivery. Here, we review and discuss the applicability of CRISPR/Cas9 to preclinical studies or gene therapy in hereditary movement disorders.
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- Cell Therapy Strategies vs. Paracrine Effect in Huntington’s Disease
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Wooseok Im, Manho Kim
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J Mov Disord. 2014;7(1):1-6. Published online April 30, 2014
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.14802/jmd.14001
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13,183
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Abstract
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- Huntington’s disease (HD) is a genetic neurodegenerative disorder. The most common symptom of HD is abnormal involuntary writhing movements, called chorea. Antipsychotics and tetrabenazine are used to alleviate the signs and symptoms of HD. Stem cells have been investigated for use in neurodegenerative disorders to develop cell therapy strategies. Recent evidence indicates that the beneficial effects of stem cell therapies are actually mediated by secretory molecules, as well as cell replacement. Although stem cell studies show that cell transplantation provides cellular improvement around lesions in in vivo models, further work is required to elucidate some issues before the clinical application of stem cells. These issues include the precise mechanism of action, delivery method, toxicity and safety. With a focus on HD, this review summarizes cell therapy strategies and the paracrine effect of stem cells.
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- Growth Hormone Deteriorates the Functional Outcome in an Experimental Model of Huntington’s Disease Induced by 3-Nitropionic Acid
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Jung-Eun Park, Soon-Tae Lee, Woo-Seok Im, Manho Kim
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J Mov Disord. 2013;6(2):28-33. Published online October 30, 2013
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.14802/jmd.13007
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Background and Purpose:
Growth hormone (GH) has been frequently used to control the aging process in healthy individuals, probably due to its slowing effect on senescence-associated degeneration. Mitochondrial dysfunction is related to the aging process, and one of the chemical models of Huntington’s disease is that it can be induced by mitochondrial toxin. To investigate the potential application of GH to modify the progression of Huntington’s disease (HD), we examined whether GH can protect the functional deterioration by striatal damage induced by 3-nitropropionic acid (3NP).
Methods:
3NP (63 mg/kg/day) was delivered to Lewis rats by osmotic pumps for five consecutive days, and the rats received intraperitoneal administration of GH or vehicle (saline) throughout the experiment. Neurological deficits and body weight were monitored. A 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) test was performed to further determine the mitochondrial activity in cultured N18TG2 neuroblastoma cells in vitro.
Results:
3NP-treated rats showed progressive neurologic deficits with striatal damage. Application of GH accelerated behavioral deterioration, particularly between day 3 and day 5, resulting in reduced survival outcome. The body weights of rats given 3NP were decreased, but GH did not affect such decrease compared to the non-treated control group. The effect of GH on cultured neuronal cells was a decrease in the MTT absorbance, suggesting a lower number of cells in a dose dependent pattern.
Conclusions:
Those results suggest that application of GH to a 3NP-induced experimental model of HD deteriorates the progress of functional deficits, possibly disturbing mitochondrial activities.
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Citations
Citations to this article as recorded by 
- Tert-buthylhydroquinone pre-conditioning exerts dual effects in old female rats exposed to 3-nitropropionic acid
Alejandro Silva-Palacios, Ana L. Colín-González, Stefanie P. López-Cervantes, Cecilia Zazueta, Armando Luna-López, Abel Santamaría, Mina Königsberg Redox Biology.2017; 12: 610. CrossRef
- MicroRNAs in Experimental Models of Movement Disorders
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Soon-Tae Lee, Manho Kim
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J Mov Disord. 2011;4(2):55-59.
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.14802/jmd.11011
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27,515
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MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small RNAs comprised of 20–25 nucleotides that regulates gene expression by inducing translational repression or degradation of target mRNA. The importance of miRNAs as a mediator of disease pathogenesis and therapeutic targets is rapidly emerging in neuroscience, as well as oncology, immunology, and cardiovascular diseases. In Parkinson’s disease and related disorders, multiple studies have identified the implications of specific miRNAs and the polymorphisms of miRNA target genes during the disease pathogenesis. With a focus on Parkinson’s disease, spinocerebellar ataxia, hereditary spastic paraplegia, and Huntington’s disease, this review summarizes and interprets the observations, and proposes future research topics in this field.
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- Rapid colorimetric analysis of multiple microRNAs using encoded hydrogel microparticles
Ju Yeon Kim, Seok Joon Mun, Yoon Ho Roh, Ki Wan Bong The Analyst.2021; 146(18): 5508. CrossRef - Depressive symptoms are associated with a functional polymorphism in a miR-433 binding site in the FGF20 gene
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- A Case of Juvenile Huntington Disease in a 6-Year-Old Boy
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Jun-Sang Sunwoo, Soon-Tae Lee, Manho Kim
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J Mov Disord. 2010;3(2):45-47.
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.14802/jmd.10012
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8,338
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Huntington disease is a neurodegenerative disorder distinguished by the triad of dominant inheritance, choreoathetosis and dementia, usually with onset in the fourth and fifth decades. It is caused by an unstable cytosine-adenine-guanine (CAG) trinucleotide repeat expansion in the gene IT15 in locus 4p16.3. Juvenile HD that constitutes about 3% to 10% of all patients is clinically different from adult-onset form and characterized by a larger number of CAG repeats typically exceeding 60. We report a case of a 6-year-old boy with myoclonic seizure and 140 CAG repeats confirmed by molecular genetic analysis.
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Citations
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- Drug-Resistant Epilepsy in Children with Juvenile Huntington's Disease: A Challenging Case and Brief Review
Abdulhafeez M. Khair MD, Jessica Kabrt DO, Stephen Falchek MD
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Ksenia N. Morozova, Lyubov A. Suldina, Tuyana B. Malankhanova, Elena V. Grigor’eva, Suren M. Zakian, Elena Kiseleva, Anastasia A. Malakhova, Hiroyoshi Ariga PLOS ONE.2018; 13(10): e0204735. CrossRef - Tics as an initial manifestation of juvenile Huntington’s disease: case report and literature review
Shi-Shuang Cui, Ru-Jing Ren, Ying Wang, Gang Wang, Sheng-Di Chen BMC Neurology.2017;[Epub] CrossRef - Neuropathological Comparison of Adult Onset and Juvenile Huntington’s Disease with Cerebellar Atrophy: A Report of a Father and Son
Caitlin S. Latimer, Margaret E. Flanagan, Patrick J. Cimino, Suman Jayadev, Marie Davis, Zachary S. Hoffer, Thomas J. Montine, Luis F. Gonzalez-Cuyar, Thomas D. Bird, C. Dirk Keene Journal of Huntington's Disease.2017; 6(4): 337. CrossRef
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