1Chulalongkorn Centre of Excellence for Parkinson’s Disease and Related Disorders, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University and King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, Thai Red Cross Society, Bangkok, Thailand
2Department of Human Neurophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima, Japan
3Neurology Unit, King Fahad Military Medical Complex, Dhahran, Saudi Arabia
4Neurology Unit, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
5Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
6Department of Neurology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
7Yoshiko Nomura Neurological Clinic for Children, Tokyo, Japan
8Institute of Medical Genomics, International University of Health and Welfare, Narita, Chiba, Japan
9Section of Neurology, Department of Neuroscience, Makati Medical Center, NCR, Makati City, Philippines
10Department of Neurology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
11Department of Neurology, Brain Research Institute, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
12Department of Neurosciences, King Faisal Specialist Hospital & Research Center, Riyad, Saudi Arabia
13Mid Yorkshire Hospitals National Health Services Trust, Wakefield, UK
14Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
15The Mah Pooi Soo & Tan Chin Nam Centre for Parkinson’s & Related Disorders, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
16Department of Neurology, Seoul Metropolitan Government-Seoul National University Boramae Medical Center & Seoul National University Medical College, Seoul, Korea
17Department of Neurology, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
18Movement Disorder Center, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
19Department of Neurology, National Institute of Mental Health & Neurosciences (NIMHANS), Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
20Department of Neurology, Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disorders, Rare Diseases Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
21Department of Neurology, Fukuoka University, Faculty of Medicine, Fukuoka, Japan
22Center for Parkinson’s Disease and Movement Disorders, Manipal Hospital, Bangalore, India
23Parkinson's Disease and Movement Disorders Clinic, Bangalore, India
24Department of Neurology, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
25I. K. Akhunbaev Kyrgyz State Medical Academy, Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan
26The Academy of Science, The Royal Society of Thailand, Bangkok, Thailand
Copyright © 2023 The Korean Movement Disorder Society
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Conflicts of Interest
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Funding Statement
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Author contributions
Conceptualization: Priya Jagota, Yoshikazu Ugawa, Zakiyah Aldaajani, Norlinah Mohamed Ibrahim, Cid Diesta, Shen-Yang Lim, Jee-Young Lee, Beomseok Jeon, Pramod Kumar Pal, Huifang Shang, Shinsuke Fujioka, Prashanth Lingappa Kukkle, Onanong Phokaewvarangkul, Chin-Hsien Lin, Cholpon Shambetova, Roongroj Bhidayasiri. Methodology: Priya Jagota, Yoshikazu Ugawa, Zakiyah Aldaajani, Norlinah Mohamed Ibrahim, Cid Diesta, Shen-Yang Lim, Jee-Young Lee, Beomseok Jeon, Pramod Kumar Pal, Huifang Shang, Shinsuke Fujioka, Prashanth Lingappa Kukkle, Onanong Phokaewvarangkul, Chin-Hsien Lin, Cholpon Shambetova, Roongroj Bhidayasiri. Writing—original draft: Priya Jagota, Yoshikazu Ugawa, Zakiyah Aldaajani, Norlinah Mohamed Ibrahim, Hiroyuki Ishiura, Yoshiko Nomura, Shoji Tsuji, Cid Diesta, Nobutaka Hattori, Osamu Onodera, Roongroj Bhidayasiri. Writing—review & editing: all authors.
Disorder | Genes | Inheritance | Original report | Author(s) | Country | Main clinical features |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Segawa disease; DYT/PARK-GCH1; DYT5a | GTP cyclohydrolase1 (GCH1) | AD | Childhood basal ganglia disease with remarkable response to L-DOPA, “hereditary basal ganglia disease with marked diurnal fluctuation”. Shinryo (Therapy-Tokyo) 1971;24:667-672 | Segawa et al. [9] | Japan | Dystonia, usually starting in the lower limbs, with marked diurnal variation. Responsive to low-dose levodopa |
PARK-Parkin; PARK2 | Parkin | AR | Four cases of juvenile paralysis agitans in a family. Psychiatr Neurol Jap 1958;60:178-186 | Nasu et al. [33] | Japan | Early-onset dystonia and parkinsonism with high propensity for motor fluctuation |
X-linked dystonia parkinsonism (XDP); Lubag disease; DYT-TAF1; DYT3 | Taf1 | X-linked | Torsion dystonia in Panay, Philippines. Adv Neurol 1976;14:137-151 | Lee et al. [49] | Philippines | Early-onset generalized dystonia with prominent and severe oromandibular and axial dystonia |
Dentatorubral-pallidoluysian atrophy (DRPLA) | Atrophin-1 | AD | Two families of progressive myoclonus epilepsy with Mendelian dominant heredity. Seishin Shinkeigaku Zasshi 1972;74:871-897 | Naito et al. [71] | Japan | Progressive myoclonic epilepsy, choreoathetosis, ataxia and dementia |
Woodhouse-Sakati syndrome (WSS) | DCAF17 | AR | A syndrome of hypogonadism, alopecia, diabetes mellitus, mental retardation, deafness, and ECG abnormalities. J Med Genet 1983;20:216-219 | Woodhouse and Sakati [85] | Saudi Arabia | Progressive generalized or focal dystonia, intellectual impairment, alopecia, hypogonadism, deafness and diabetes mellitus |
Benign adult familial myoclonic epilepsy (BAFME) | SAMD12 (BAFME1), STARD7 (BAFME2), MARCHF6 (BAFME3), YEATS2 (BAFME4), TNRC6A (BAFME6), RAPGEF2 (BAFME7) | AD | A hereditary neurological disease presenting a kind of tremor and epileptic attacks resembling Unverricht–Lundborg’s myoclonus epilepsy. Psychiat Neurol Jpn 1924;24:484-495 | Nakazawa [107] | Japan | Minimally progressive cortical tremor (tremulous myoclonus) with infrequent seizures and electrophysiological studies demonstrating cortical hyperexcitability underlying the cortical tremor |
Kufor-Rakeb syndrome; PARK-ATP13A2; PARK9 | ATP13A2 | AR | Pallido-pyramidal degeneration, supranuclear upgaze paresis and dementia: Kufor-Rakeb syndrome. Acta Neurol Scand 1994;89:347-352 | Najim Al-Din et al. [138] | Jordan | Juvenile-onset dystonia-parkinsonism, progressive supranuclear gaze palsy, corticospinal tract involvement, facial-faucial mini myoclonus and cognitive decline |
CAMTA2 tremulous dystonia; Bohlega syndrome | CAMTA2 | AR | Familial tremulous and myoclonic dystonia with white matter changes in brain magnetic resonance imaging. Mov Disord 1995;10:513-517 | Bohlega et al. [153] | Saudi Arabia | juvenile-onset myoclonic tremor and spasticity, associated with cerebral white matter changes |
Paroxysmal kinesigenic dyskinesia (PKD); PxMD-PRRT2; PKD-PRRT2 | PRRT2 | AD | Atypical Thomsen’s disease. Tokyo Igakukai Zasshi (J Tokyo Med Assoc) 1892;6:505-514 | Kure [158] | Japan | Episodes of dyskinesia of short duration triggered by sudden movement |
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