CASE REPORT

A 55-year-old previously healthy man presented to the neurology clinic with ear clicking for almost one year. After attending a rock concert, he developed bilateral ear fullness, followed by left ear clicking and hyperacusis. The symptoms of clicking interfered with his mood and ability to sleep, causing extreme distress. It is unknown whether the clicking itself persisted during sleep. He was seen first by a dentist, who prescribed a dental guard to treat temporomandibular joint pain. He then saw an otolaryngologist who treated him with antibiotics for an ear infection. The patient then consulted a psychiatrist who diagnosed him with anxiety, which was treated with 0.25 mg clonazepam four times daily. None of these three treatments provided relief of the clicking or hyperacusis. Finally, two neurologists considered a diagnosis of palatal myoclonus; however, they did not visualize full palatal elevation on examination and thus did not diagnose or treat him. Upon arrival at our subspecialty clinic, his examination was notable for arrhythmic left lateral soft palatal contraction in the region of the anterior soft palate that did not completely raise the palate or uvula. This contraction correlated with an audible click by auscultation with a stethoscope over the left ear. His physical and neurologic examinations, including gag and cough reflexes, were otherwise completely normal (Supplementary Video 1 in the online-only Data Supplement). Magnetic resonance imaging of the brain with and without contrast, as well as computed tomography angiogram of the head, were both normal. Ultimately, he received 2.5 units of Onabotulinum toxin A injected into the affected muscle by his otolaryngologist and had mild improvement in clicking and hyperacusis. He was able to sleep better and felt less anxious overall.

DISCUSSION

The five muscles of the soft palate include the tensor veli palatini, levator veli palatini, musculus uvulae, palatoglossus, and palatopharyngeus [3]. Importantly, regarding our case, the tensor veli palatini tightens the anterior soft palate, flattens the arch, and opens the Eustachian tube. If it is affected unilaterally, it will deviate the soft palate laterally, and overactivity explains the audible click noted by the patient and heard on examination. The levator veli palatini tightens the posterior soft palate and raises the soft palate.

Palatal myoclonus generally entails a visible elevation of the palate, its five muscles, and uvula and may include myoclonus of other oropharyngeal muscles. It is crucial to rule out any structural lesions (e.g., inferior olivary hypertrophy) before diagnosing essential palatal myoclonus. This is a rare case of a patient with focal, unilateral palatal myoclonus without uvula elevation, and focal contraction only visualized on close inspection with concurrent auscultation. The cause of tinnitus in this disorder is not well understood, but one theory is that abnormal muscle contractions can induce pressure changes in the Eustachian tube, leading to disequilibrium between the atmospheric pressure and the middle ear pressure, which produces oscillations in the tympanic membrane causing tinnitus [4,5]. Focal palatal myoclonus has rarely been reported [2]. The differential diagnosis for clicking tinnitus includes focal middle ear myoclonus due to tensor tympani or stapedius contraction with increasing tension. This cannot be visualized on oral examination but rather by examination of the tympanic membrane on otoscopic examination and confirmed by tympanometry [6]. Unfortunately, we were unable to perform tympanometry or electromyography on our patient, as he did not return for follow-up in our clinic. Treatments such as anticonvulsants, anxiolytics, and surgical interventions are largely unsuccessful. Botulinum toxin can be injected into the levator veli palatini and/or the tensor veli palatini muscles and has been reported to provide symptomatic relief [7]. This patient elected to see an otolaryngologist for injections and reported mild improvement in the clicking and tinnitus. The side effects of this treatment include dysphagia, hypernasality, or nasopharyngeal regurgitation [8,9]. This case illustrates that practitioners should perform careful oral examinations with auscultation to detect focal myoclonic contractions in a patient with ear clicking without obvious palatal or uvula elevation.

Supplementary Material

Notes

Conflicts of Interest

The authors have no financial conflicts of interest.

Author Contributions

Conceptualization: Chindhuri Selvadurai. Data curation: Sara Maguire Schaefer. Formal analysis: all authors. Investigation: all authors. Methodology: all authors. Resources: Sara Maguire Schaefer. Writing—original draft: Chindhuri Selvadurai. Writing—review & editing: all authors. Approval of final manuscript: all authors.

Acknowledgments

We acknowledge our patient’s time and medical contribution.

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Citations

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• Tinnitus
  Navdeep Bhamra, Charlotte Juman, Edward Balai
  InnovAiT: Education and inspiration for general practice.2021; 14(9): 546.     CrossRef

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